Individual Differences Flashcards
deviations of individuals from the average or from one another
individual differences
individual differences is focused on any _____ aspect of the total personality
measurable
variability of individual differences
- intra-variability
- inter-variability
concerns differences within the individuals
intra-variability
concerns differences among/between the individuals with
regards to environment
inter-variabilitty
individual differences is the result of the ______ and _______
interplay of both hereditary and environmental influences
4 natures of individual differences
- variability and normality
- differential rates of growth and development
- interrelation of traits
- hereditary and environmental factors
result of the continuing interaction of many factors — biological social or environmental that we cannot accurately attribute the causations
interrelation of traits
can be seen in cognitive abilities, in physical, emotional, and moral aspect of growth
differential rates of growth and development
measures of individual manifest characteristics that can be distributed in the form of normal probability curve
variability and normality
can never be completely separated because they are in continuous interplay; genetic factors is a function of the variability of the relevant environmental and genetic influences
hereditary and environmental factors
4 factors affecting individual differences
- physiology
- sex / gender
- culture
- social / society
measurements & evaluation of individual differences
- standards or norms
- sampling
- reliability
- validity
based on massive data collected concerning different kinds of behavior
standards or norms
a property of measuring device in measuring what it is intended to measure
validity
dependability of the test as reflected in the consistency of its scores upon repeated measurements of the same group
reliability
process of choosing a selected portion which is representative of the whole
sampling
standards or norms serves as the _____ against which other individuals may be compared
standard
kinds of test used in psychological assessment
- intelligence test
- aptitude test
- achievement test
- interests test / inventories
- personality test
techniques used in psychological assessments to sample individual or group behavior
test
design to measure what a person can do now
achievement test
designed to measure capacity to learn through training
aptitude test
used as a tool for predicting future behavior and life prospects or as a tool for identifying intervention
intelligence test
kinds of intelligence tests & group tests
- individuals test & group tests
- verbal tests and performance tests
designed to measure an individual’s interest in a variety of activities
interest test/ inventories
most widely used interest test / inventories
- strong vocational interest blank
- kuder preference method
given to a single testee by another person
individual test
require the use and understanding of language to either oral or written work
verbal tests
makes minimal use of language and may require the use of concrete nonverbal material
performance test
given simultaneously to a large number of testees
group tests
design to measure personality traits
personality test
2 types of personality test
- rorschach inkblot test
- thematic appreciation test (TAT)
projective psychological test in which the subject is shown templates or cards containing bi-symmetrical inkblots
rorschach inkblot test
rorschach inkblot test is a test designed to reflect ______ of the personality that project into the visual stimuli generated by the inkblots, allowing a psychodiagnosis to be stablish
unconscious part
projective technique in which the subject is asked to tell a story by a series of pictures which is relatively unstructed or ambiguous
thematic appreciation test
thematic appreciation test is designed to reveal an individual’s perception of ________
interpersonal relationship
6 approaches in meeting individual differences
- grouping
- acceleration
- supervised study
- special schools
- enriching techniques
- teaching techniques
these are adjustments taken as positive steps to develop the potentialities of each individual
approaches in meeting individual differences
2 kinds of grouping
- homogenous grouping
- special grouping
done through the separation of students and rows of seats according to some basis such as, intelligence, reading or speed abilities
homogenous grouping
this grouping may be accomplished through
- honor classes
- part-time interest groups etc
specially applicable for the bright and fast groups
acceleration
educators adjust their method so that more time can be given to those who need more attention
supervised study
the gifted from several schools are grouped together and given a specialized method of approach to attend to their individual needs and talents
special schools
kinds of enrichment techniques
- vertical enrichment
- horizontal enrichment
certain subject matters are taught with depth through the use of devices, film strips, slides, advanced lessons, and the like
vertical enrichment
discussion is expanded to include outside but related topic
horizontal enrichment
these learners are given the
corresponding work
bright learners
method used for slow learners
direct teaching methods or direct experiences
The teacher must be ingenious enough to think of ways of holding and stimulating the students’ interests;
students can be made to assume more leadership responsibility and to engage in individualized researches
teaching techniques
oppositions to homogenous grouping
- tend to dichotomize the bright from the dull
- leadership for the bright is curtailed
- may foster feelings of superiority or inferiority
- competition and challenge is reduced
interest and preferences can either be ________ or of _________
- peripheral
- vocational
special grouping may be accomplished through
- honor classes
- community sponsor plans
- saturday-class plans
- independent study plans
acceleration can be achieved in:
- grade skipping
- early admission to kinder or first year
- entrance to college with advanced standing
- speeding up works
