Conscious and Altered States

Question 1

different awareness levels of thoughts and feelings

Answer 1

consciousness

Question 2

Wide range of experiences, from being acutely aware and alert to being totally unaware and unresponsive.

Answer 2

continuum of consciousness

Question 3

Activities that require full awareness, alertness, and concentration to reach some goal

Answer 3

controlled processes

Question 4

Activities that require little awareness, take minimal attention, and do not interfere with other ongoing activities

Answer 4

automatic processes

Question 5

Activities that require a low level of awareness, often occurs during automatic processes, and involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake.

Answer 5

daydreaming

Question 6

Results from any number of procedures—such as meditation, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, or sleep deprivation—to produce an awareness that differs from normal consciousness.

Answer 6

altered states

Question 7

consists of mental and emotional processes that we are unaware of but influence our conscious feelings, thoughts, and behavior.

Answer 7

cognitive unconscious

Question 8

consists of five stages that involve different levels of awareness, consciousness, and responsiveness, and different levels of physiological arousal.

Answer 8

sleep

Question 9

unique state of consciousness in which we are asleep but experience a variety of visual, auditory, and tactile images

Answer 9

dreaming

Question 10

5 stages of sleep:

Answer 10

• Alpha stage
• Stage 1
• Stage 2
• Stage 3 & Stage 4
• REM Sleep

Question 11

relaxed and drowsy state before sleep, usually with the eyes closed

Answer 11

Alpha stage

Question 12

first stage of the real sleep

Answer 12

stage 2

Question 13

• approximately 80% of the sleep time
• It is divided into sleep stages 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Answer 13

Non-REM sleep

Question 14

deepest stage of sleep

Answer 14

stages 3 and 4

Question 15

• lightest stage of sleep
• a transition from wakefulness to sleep

Answer 15

stage 1

Question 16

Makes up the remaining 20% of the sleep time

Answer 16

REM Sleep

Question 17

often called paradoxical sleep because of the paradox of being asleep yet physiologically aroused.

Answer 17

REM Sleep

Question 18

2 theories of sleep

Answer 18

1. Repair Theory
2. Adaptive Theory

Question 19

• Activities during the day deplete key factors in the brain or body that are repaired by sleep
• Sleep is primarily a restorative process.

Answer 19

repair theory

Question 20

Sleep evolved because it prevented early humans and animals from wasting energy and exposing themselves to the dangers of nocturnal predators.

Answer 20

adaptive theory

Question 21

2 major effects of sleep deprivation

Answer 21

1. on the body
2. on the nervous system

Question 22

interferes with vigilance and concentration

Answer 22

effects on the nervous system

Question 23

this usually occur during REM sleep

Answer 23

dreaming

Question 24

10 characteristics of dreams

Answer 24

1. Dreams have several characters
2. More likely to take place indoors than out
3. Rarely can we dream about something we intend to
4. Filled with visual sensations but rarely include sensation of taste, smell, or pain
5. Usually in color in sighted people and auditory/tactile in blind people
6. Frequently involve emotions of anxiety or fear than joy or happiness
7. Rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost never about sexual intercourse
8. Involve motion such as running and walking
9. May be recurrent
10. Seem bizarre because they disregard physical laws by flying or falling without injury

Question 25

3 theories of dream

Answer 25

1. Freud’s Theory on Dreams
2. Extensions of Waking Life
3. Activation-Synthesis Theory

Question 26

Pons sends nerve impulses to the cortex, which then tries to make sense of these random signals by creating dreams

Answer 26

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Question 27

proponent of the Activation-Synthesis Theory

Answer 27

Alan Hobson and Robert McCarley

Question 28

Dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns, problems, and emotions present when awake

Answer 28

extensions of waking life

Question 29

• Humans have a ‘censor’ that protects from realizing threatening and unconscious desires.
• This transforms secret desires into harmless symbols in dreams.

Answer 29

Freud’s theory on dreams

Question 30

Why can’t blind people see colors/images in dream?

Answer 30

A person blind since birth has never had the experience of seeing images originating from the external world and therefore has never formed visual memories connected to the external world.

Question 31

What is the main purpose of dream?

Answer 31

The author of the new study believe, is to test whether the brain has had enough sleep, and if so, to wake it up

Question 32

Why can’t we remember our dreams?

Answer 32

During REM sleep, our brain’s frontal lobe is offline. These includes many of the higher center of thoughts and action, including working memory, the planning and execution function, and the centers that integrates data from other regions of the brain.