Principles of Growth and Development Flashcards
quantitative changes e.g., size, height, weight, age
growth
qualitative changes e.g. behavioral changes
development
process of change which is a function of time and aging
maturation
six (6) principles of growth and development
- Development follows an orderly sequence
- The rate of development is unique to each individual
- Development involves change (physical, emotional, social, cognitive)
- Early development (1-7 y/o) is more critical that Later development
- Development is a product of maturation and learning
- There are individual differences in development (level of ability, motivation, interest)
high aptitude is due to
the sum of ability and attitude
two (2) major factors of development
- Hereditary Factors
- Environmental Factors
what is the product of nature and nurture
man
five (5) types of hereditary traits
- Physical Traits
- Abilities
- Sex-linked
- Disabilities
- Multiple Birth
examples of hereditary physical traits
- height
- weight
- bodily structure
examples of hereditary disabilities
- ADHD
- autism
- epilepsy
- sensory defects
examples of hereditary multiple birth
- twins
- triplets
- quadruplets
- quintets
monozygotic =
identical twins
dizygotic =
fraternal twins
identical twins refers to those
same in:
- physical features
- sex
- interests
fraternal twins refers to those
twins with the same or different characteristics
three (3) types of environment
- External Environment
- Internal Environment
- Social Environment
this is the physical environment
external environment
this environment is influenced by bodily processes (illness / disability)
internal environment
this environment refers to all significant persons surrounding and influencing the individual
social environment
physical environment includes:
- geographical location
- climate
- home atmosphere
- neighborhood
five (5) types of development
- Physical Development
- Emotional Development
- Cognitive Development
- Social Development
- Moral Development
physical development includes
- sensory development
- motor development
type of physical development that responds to the stimulation of senses
sensory development
examples of sensory development
- odor
- light
- taste
- temperature
- color
this physical development refers to muscular responses
motor development
examples of muscular development
- running
- leaping
- walking
- talking
- sitting
- lying
- jumping
- crawling
two (2) principles or law of motor development
- Proximodistal Development
- Cephalocaudal Development
this principle / law refers to development from inner body parts towards extremities
proximodistal development
this principle / law refers to development from head to toe
cephalocaudal development
nine (9) stages of development
- Conception to Birth
- Infancy
- Early Childhood
- Late Childhood
- Adolescence
- Early Adulthood
- Adulthood
- Middle Adulthood
- Old Age
ages associated in conception to birth
- 0-3 months (zygotic)
- 3-6 months (embryonic)
- 7-9 months (fetal)
the first trimester is critical due to what principle?
cephalocaudal development
age associated in infancy
0-2 years
age associated in early childhood
2-6 years
age associated in late childhood
7-12 years
age associated in adolescence
13-21
- pre-puberty (10-12)
- puberty (13-16)
- post-puberty (17-21)
this puberty is the awkward stage
puberty
this puberty is the show-off stage
post-puberty
age associated in early adulthood
21-30
age associated in adulthood
30-40
age associated in middle adulthood
41-60
age associated in old age
61 above
stage where an individual should acquire stable job, relationship, and pursue advance studies
early adulthood
stage where an individual should acquire properties
adulthood
stage of the most productive years of an individual
middle adulthood
stage wherein an individual must retire and should feel fulfillment
old age
this development is the biological response to environmental feedback
emotional development
three (3) basic development based on Watson
- Love
- Rage (Anger)
- Fear
emotional bond between the caregiver and the child
attachment
attachment is only established when there is
bonding
feeling of emotional distress experienced by the child or the parent
separation anxiety
cognitive development =
mental development
intellectual development or ability to adjust to the
cognitive development
four (4) stages of cognitive development based on Piaget
- Sensorimotor
- Pre-operational
- Concrete Operation Stage
- Formal Operations
age associated in sensorimotor
0-2 years
age associated in pre-operational
2-6 years
age associated in pre-operational
7-12 years
age associated in formal operations
13 above
during this stage, the child is under identification stage and language is fully established (preparatory skills)
pre-operational
this is the logical stage
concrete operation stage
this stage is where advanced thinking and logic is developed
formal operational stage
this development refers to how an individual develop how they adjust to social etiquettes, norms, practices and standards
social development
Freud’s Psychosexual Development
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
5 Genital
psychosexual development where pleasure is centered on the oral region e.g. sucking
oral stage
psychosexual development wherein the attachment is to the caregiver or whoever provides the physiological and psychological needs
anal stage
psychosexual development wherein the child becomes pre-dominated by the attraction to the opposite-sex parent
phallic
complex included in the phallic stage
- oedipus complex
- electra comples
son-mother attraction
oedipus complex
daughter-father attraction
electra complex
psychosexual development wherein the attraction is within the same age groups
latency
psychosexual development wherein the attraction is to the opposite sex
genital
Four (4) Theories of Development
- Piaget’s Cognitive Development
- Freud’s Psychosexual Development
- Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
- Kohlberg’s Moral Development
eight (8) stages of psychosocial development by erikson
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair
age wherein the trust is to the caregiver / immediate parent
0-1 1/2
age wherein the child develops a sense of independence or autonomy
1 1/2 - 3
age wherein initiative is developed
3 - 5
age of industry vs. inferiority
5-11
age of identity vs. confusion
12-18
age of intimacy vs. isolation
18-40
age of generativity vs. stagnation
40-60
age of ego integrity vs. despair
60 above
midlife crisis occurs between what age
40-60
three (3) moral development by kohlberg
- Pre-conventional Morality
- Conventional Morality
- Post-conventional Morality
age of pre-conventional morality
0-7
age of conventional morality
7-12
age of post-conventional morality
12 above
level of morality wherein the concept of right or wrong is absolute, often equated to the concept of reward and punishment
pre-conventional morality
level of morality wherein the concept of right or wrong is based on the conformities to social standards or norms
conventional morality
level of morality wherein the individual develops his own set of values
post-conventional morality
confusing concepts are also called
arbitrariness
