Thinking

Question 1

types of thinking

Answer 1

fast

slow

Question 2

what are qualities of fast thinking?

Answer 2

automatic, effortless, intuitive, efficient, usually successful, some predictable errors

Question 3

what are qualities of slow thinking?

Answer 3

deliberate, effortful, logical, analytical

what is usually thought of as thinking

Question 4

reasoning

Answer 4

process where conclusions are drawn from facts

type of slow thinking

Question 5

types of reasoning

Answer 5

inductive, deductive, analogical

Question 6

inductive reasoning

Answer 6

moves from individual instances to generalizations

aka bottom-up processing

Question 7

deductive reasoning

Answer 7

moves from generalizations to individuals instances

aka top-down processing

Question 8

analogical reasoning

Answer 8

moves from one particular to another

Question 9

problem solving

Answer 9

process where a goal is achieved through mental operations

type of slow thinking

Question 10

types of problem solving

Answer 10

trial and error, sub-goals analysis, working backwards

Question 11

what are the limitations of trial and error?

Answer 11

very slow
inefficient
lots of errors

Question 12

what are the steps of sub-goal analysis?

Answer 12

understand the problem
make a plan
carry out the plan
check to see if the problem has been solved

Question 13

what are the steps to working backwards?

Answer 13

specify the goal and its timing
determine the steps and time commitment
start at end time and move backwards to specify each step

Question 14

barriers to problem solving

Answer 14

irrelevant information
mental set
functional fixedness
confirmation bias

Question 15

irrelevant information

Answer 15

information not useful for problem solving

Question 16

mental set

Answer 16

use of previous solutions

Question 17

functional fixedness

Answer 17

inability to perceive new uses

Question 18

confirmation bias

Answer 18

look only for what is expected

Question 19

decision making

Answer 19

process of choosing between alternatives

can be fast or slow thinking

Question 20

algorithm

Answer 20

step by step rules guaranteed to lead to the correct solution

Question 21

heuristic

Answer 21

shortcut that may or may not produce the correct solution

Question 22

common heuristics

Answer 22

availability
representative
affective forecasting 
framing 
default 
choice paradox

Question 23

availability

Answer 23

decision based on the availability of information or ease that it comes to mind

Question 24

representative

Answer 24

decision based on prototypes or stereotypes

Question 25

affective forecasting

Answer 25

decision based on predictions of future emotions

Question 26

framing

Answer 26

decision affected by the wording of choices

Question 27

default

Answer 27

heuristic where there is a very high probability of choosing the default option

Question 28

choice paradox

Answer 28

when too many choices make decisions difficult

Question 29

base rate fallacy

Answer 29

when the decision ignores the base rate

the stereotype/prototype is less likely to occur

Question 30

conjunction fallacy

Answer 30

when a decision ignores the laws of probability

Question 31

loss adversion

Answer 31

a stronger tendency to avoid losses than to acquire gains