Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

types of thinking

A

fast

slow

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2
Q

what are qualities of fast thinking?

A

automatic, effortless, intuitive, efficient, usually successful, some predictable errors

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3
Q

what are qualities of slow thinking?

A

deliberate, effortful, logical, analytical

what is usually thought of as thinking

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4
Q

reasoning

A

process where conclusions are drawn from facts

type of slow thinking

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5
Q

types of reasoning

A

inductive, deductive, analogical

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6
Q

inductive reasoning

A

moves from individual instances to generalizations

aka bottom-up processing

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7
Q

deductive reasoning

A

moves from generalizations to individuals instances

aka top-down processing

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8
Q

analogical reasoning

A

moves from one particular to another

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9
Q

problem solving

A

process where a goal is achieved through mental operations

type of slow thinking

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10
Q

types of problem solving

A

trial and error, sub-goals analysis, working backwards

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11
Q

what are the limitations of trial and error?

A

very slow
inefficient
lots of errors

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12
Q

what are the steps of sub-goal analysis?

A

understand the problem
make a plan
carry out the plan
check to see if the problem has been solved

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13
Q

what are the steps to working backwards?

A

specify the goal and its timing
determine the steps and time commitment
start at end time and move backwards to specify each step

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14
Q

barriers to problem solving

A

irrelevant information
mental set
functional fixedness
confirmation bias

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15
Q

irrelevant information

A

information not useful for problem solving

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16
Q

mental set

A

use of previous solutions

17
Q

functional fixedness

A

inability to perceive new uses

18
Q

confirmation bias

A

look only for what is expected

19
Q

decision making

A

process of choosing between alternatives

can be fast or slow thinking

20
Q

algorithm

A

step by step rules guaranteed to lead to the correct solution

21
Q

heuristic

A

shortcut that may or may not produce the correct solution

22
Q

common heuristics

A
availability
representative
affective forecasting 
framing 
default 
choice paradox
23
Q

availability

A

decision based on the availability of information or ease that it comes to mind

24
Q

representative

A

decision based on prototypes or stereotypes

25
affective forecasting
decision based on predictions of future emotions
26
framing
decision affected by the wording of choices
27
default
heuristic where there is a very high probability of choosing the default option
28
choice paradox
when too many choices make decisions difficult
29
base rate fallacy
when the decision ignores the base rate | the stereotype/prototype is less likely to occur
30
conjunction fallacy
when a decision ignores the laws of probability
31
loss adversion
a stronger tendency to avoid losses than to acquire gains