Thinking Flashcards
types of thinking
fast
slow
what are qualities of fast thinking?
automatic, effortless, intuitive, efficient, usually successful, some predictable errors
what are qualities of slow thinking?
deliberate, effortful, logical, analytical
what is usually thought of as thinking
reasoning
process where conclusions are drawn from facts
type of slow thinking
types of reasoning
inductive, deductive, analogical
inductive reasoning
moves from individual instances to generalizations
aka bottom-up processing
deductive reasoning
moves from generalizations to individuals instances
aka top-down processing
analogical reasoning
moves from one particular to another
problem solving
process where a goal is achieved through mental operations
type of slow thinking
types of problem solving
trial and error, sub-goals analysis, working backwards
what are the limitations of trial and error?
very slow
inefficient
lots of errors
what are the steps of sub-goal analysis?
understand the problem
make a plan
carry out the plan
check to see if the problem has been solved
what are the steps to working backwards?
specify the goal and its timing
determine the steps and time commitment
start at end time and move backwards to specify each step
barriers to problem solving
irrelevant information
mental set
functional fixedness
confirmation bias
irrelevant information
information not useful for problem solving
mental set
use of previous solutions
functional fixedness
inability to perceive new uses
confirmation bias
look only for what is expected
decision making
process of choosing between alternatives
can be fast or slow thinking
algorithm
step by step rules guaranteed to lead to the correct solution
heuristic
shortcut that may or may not produce the correct solution
common heuristics
availability representative affective forecasting framing default choice paradox
availability
decision based on the availability of information or ease that it comes to mind
representative
decision based on prototypes or stereotypes
affective forecasting
decision based on predictions of future emotions
framing
decision affected by the wording of choices
default
heuristic where there is a very high probability of choosing the default option
choice paradox
when too many choices make decisions difficult
base rate fallacy
when the decision ignores the base rate
the stereotype/prototype is less likely to occur
conjunction fallacy
when a decision ignores the laws of probability
loss adversion
a stronger tendency to avoid losses than to acquire gains
