Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

learning an association between paired stimuli

Question 3

law of contiguity

Answer 3

things occurring close in time or space are associated together
basis of classical conditioning

Question 4

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 4

stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Question 5

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 5

naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

previously neutral stimulus that through conditioning evokes a conditioned response

Question 7

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 7

learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 8

generalization

Answer 8

response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 9

discrimination

Answer 9

lack of response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 10

acquisition

Answer 10

formation of a new conditioned response

normally happens over many trials

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

weakening of a conditioned response

Question 12

spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

reappearance of an extinguished response

the CR is weaker than it was originally

Question 13

renewal effect

Answer 13

extinguished response will reappear if one return to where acquisition took place

Question 14

operant conditioning

Answer 14

learning the consequences of a response

Question 15

law of effect

Answer 15

the consequences of a response affect the probability that the response will be repeated

Question 16

positive reinforcement

Answer 16

adds something desirable to increase the likelihood of that behavior
aka reward

Question 17

negative reinforcement

Answer 17

removes something aversive to increase the likelihood of that behavior
aka relief

Question 18

positive punishment

Answer 18

adds something aversive to decrease the likelihood of that behavior
aka punishment

Question 19

negative punishment

Answer 19

removes something desirable to decrease the likelihood of that behavior
aka penalizing

Question 20

shaping

Answer 20

reinforcement of successive approximations to a desired response

Question 21

continuous reinforcement

Answer 21

when a behavior is always reinforced

Question 22

partial reinforcement

Answer 22

when a behavior is not always reinforced

aka intermittent reinforcement

Question 23

partial reinforcement schedules

Answer 23

fixed interval
fixed ratio
variable interval
variable ratio

Question 24

fixed interval

Answer 24

reinforces a response after a set time

Question 25

fixed ratio

Answer 25

reinforces a response after a set number of responses

Question 26

variable interval

Answer 26

reinforces a response after an approximate time

Question 27

variable ratio

Answer 27

reinforces a response after an approximate number of responses

Question 28

observational learning

Answer 28

learning from watching others

influenced by attention, retention, production processes, and motivation