Memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

mental capacity to retain information
makes use of experience
extends space and time 
gives one sense of self 
maintains relationships 
is in our control; ISN'T only determined biologically

Question 2

metaphors of memory

Answer 2

memory trace
computer
construction

Question 3

memory trace metaphor

Answer 3

people store and retrieve memory traces

the mind is a file cabinet or library

Question 4

computer metaphor

Answer 4

people encode, store, and retrieve data in an information processing system
the mind is a computer (obviously)

Question 5

construction metaphor

Answer 5

people construct remembrance with possible distortions

the mind is a construction site

Question 6

memory stages

Answer 6

sensory memory
short-term memory (STM)
long-term memory (LTM)

Question 7

sensory memory

Answer 7

momentary preserver of sensory stimuli

types: iconic (visual), echoic (auditory), hepatic (touch)

Question 8

how long do iconic sensory memories last?

Answer 8

0.5 seconds

Question 9

how long do echoic sensory memories last?

Answer 9

3-4 seconds

Question 10

how long do hepatic sensory memories last?

Answer 10

> 1 second

Question 11

short-term memory (STM)

Answer 11

temporary work pad of the mind
consists of interpreted information
holds 7 ± 2 chunks of information

Question 12

chunking

Answer 12

grouping items
done to better retain information
holds 4 ± 1 chunks of information

Question 13

serial position effect

Answer 13

the beginning and end information is remembered the best

this information tends to be the most important

Question 14

long term memory (LTM)

Answer 14

an unlimited preserver of information
lasts for years
consists of explicit and implicit knowledge

Question 15

explicit knowledge

Answer 15

consciously available information
aka declarative knowledge
is divided into episodic and semantic categories

Question 16

episodic

Answer 16

life events

Question 17

semantic

Answer 17

general information (words, ideas, concepts, etc.)

Question 18

implicit knowledge

Answer 18

not consciously available information
aka non-declarative knowledge
is divided into procedural and emotional conditioning categories

Question 19

procedural

Answer 19

skills (ex. walking, swimming)

Question 20

emotional conditioning

Answer 20

feelings toward an action (ex. getting nervous going to the dentist)

Question 21

memory processes

Answer 21

encoding and retrieval

Question 22

encoding

Answer 22

process involved in getting information into or maintained in memory

Question 23

encoding processes

Answer 23

maintenance rehearsal

elaborative rehearsal

Question 24

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 24

repeating actions to encode it into memory

Question 25

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 25

associating a memory with a sense | types: sound, image, meaning

Question 26

sound elaboration

Answer 26

associating a memory with a sound | ex. singing

Question 27

image elaboration

Answer 27

associating a memory with an image

Question 28

meaning elaboration

Answer 28

categorizing or organizing memories

Question 29

structural encoding

Answer 29

emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus | involved in shallow processing

Question 30

phonemic encoding

Answer 30

emphasizes the sounds a word makes | involved in intermediate processing

Question 31

semantic encoding

Answer 31

emphasizes the meaning of verbal input | involved in deep processing

Question 32

which level of processing work best to retain memories?

Answer 32

deep processing

Question 33

retrieval

Answer 33

the recovery of information from LTM | is affected by context-dependency and state-dependency

Question 34

context-dependecy

Answer 34

the match of retrieval context to the encoding environment

Question 35

state-dependency

Answer 35

the match of the retrieval state to the encoding mood.

Question 36

retrieval processes

Answer 36

recall | recognition

Question 37

recall

Answer 37

reproduction of the information required to retrieve a memory

Question 38

recognition

Answer 38

identifying the information required to retrieve a memory

Question 39

what causes memory failures?

Answer 39

encoding failures decay/disuse of the memory interference brain dysfunction

Question 40

encoding failure

Answer 40

information is not attended to and not encoded

Question 41

decay/disuse

Answer 41

information is not used over time

Question 42

interference

Answer 42

other information in memory makes it difficult to distinguish one memory from another

Question 43

brain dysfunction

Answer 43

brain injury or pathology

Question 44

anterograde amnesia

Answer 44

loss of memories for events that occur AFTER a head injury

Question 45

retrograde amnesia

Answer 45

loss of memories for events that occurred BEFORE a head injury

Question 46

source monitoring error

Answer 46

error that occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

Question 47

destination memory error

Answer 47

error when one forgets who one has transmitted specific information to

Question 48

proactive interference

Answer 48

memory problem that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information

Question 49

retroactive interference

Answer 49

memory problem that occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information