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PSYCH 111 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A 
mental capacity to retain information
makes use of experience
extends space and time 
gives one sense of self 
maintains relationships 
is in our control; ISN'T only determined biologically
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2
Q

metaphors of memory

A

memory trace
computer
construction

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3
Q

memory trace metaphor

A

people store and retrieve memory traces

the mind is a file cabinet or library

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4
Q

computer metaphor

A

people encode, store, and retrieve data in an information processing system
the mind is a computer (obviously)

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5
Q

construction metaphor

A

people construct remembrance with possible distortions

the mind is a construction site

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6
Q

memory stages

A

sensory memory
short-term memory (STM)
long-term memory (LTM)

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7
Q

sensory memory

A

momentary preserver of sensory stimuli

types: iconic (visual), echoic (auditory), hepatic (touch)

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8
Q

how long do iconic sensory memories last?

A

0.5 seconds

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9
Q

how long do echoic sensory memories last?

A

3-4 seconds

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10
Q

how long do hepatic sensory memories last?

A

> 1 second

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11
Q

short-term memory (STM)

A

temporary work pad of the mind
consists of interpreted information
holds 7 ± 2 chunks of information

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12
Q

chunking

A

grouping items
done to better retain information
holds 4 ± 1 chunks of information

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13
Q

serial position effect

A

the beginning and end information is remembered the best

this information tends to be the most important

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14
Q

long term memory (LTM)

A

an unlimited preserver of information
lasts for years
consists of explicit and implicit knowledge

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15
Q

explicit knowledge

A

consciously available information
aka declarative knowledge
is divided into episodic and semantic categories

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16
Q

episodic

A

life events

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17
Q

semantic

A

general information (words, ideas, concepts, etc.)

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18
Q

implicit knowledge

A

not consciously available information
aka non-declarative knowledge
is divided into procedural and emotional conditioning categories

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19
Q

procedural

A

skills (ex. walking, swimming)

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20
Q

emotional conditioning

A

feelings toward an action (ex. getting nervous going to the dentist)

21
Q

memory processes

A

encoding and retrieval

22
Q

encoding

A

process involved in getting information into or maintained in memory

23
Q

encoding processes

A

maintenance rehearsal

elaborative rehearsal

24
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating actions to encode it into memory

25
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

associating a memory with a sense

types: sound, image, meaning

26
Q

sound elaboration

A

associating a memory with a sound

ex. singing

27
Q

image elaboration

A

associating a memory with an image

28
Q

meaning elaboration

A

categorizing or organizing memories

29
Q

structural encoding

A

emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus

involved in shallow processing

30
Q

phonemic encoding

A

emphasizes the sounds a word makes

involved in intermediate processing

31
Q

semantic encoding

A

emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

involved in deep processing

32
Q

which level of processing work best to retain memories?

A

deep processing

33
Q

retrieval

A

the recovery of information from LTM

is affected by context-dependency and state-dependency

34
Q

context-dependecy

A

the match of retrieval context to the encoding environment

35
Q

state-dependency

A

the match of the retrieval state to the encoding mood.

36
Q

retrieval processes

A

recall

recognition

37
Q

recall

A

reproduction of the information required to retrieve a memory

38
Q

recognition

A

identifying the information required to retrieve a memory

39
Q

what causes memory failures?

A

encoding failures
decay/disuse of the memory
interference
brain dysfunction

40
Q

encoding failure

A

information is not attended to and not encoded

41
Q

decay/disuse

A

information is not used over time

42
Q

interference

A

other information in memory makes it difficult to distinguish one memory from another

43
Q

brain dysfunction

A

brain injury or pathology

44
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

loss of memories for events that occur AFTER a head injury

45
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories for events that occurred BEFORE a head injury

46
Q

source monitoring error

A

error that occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

47
Q

destination memory error

A

error when one forgets who one has transmitted specific information to

48
Q

proactive interference

A

memory problem that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information

49
Q

retroactive interference

A

memory problem that occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information

PSYCH 111 (22 decks)

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