Personality

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

individual differences that influence feelings, behaviors, and thoughts across time and situations
used constantly
best explained by many aspects

Question 2

approaches to personality

Answer 2

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic
humanistic
behavioral 
socio-cognitive
trait

Question 3

foundation of the psychodynamic approach

Answer 3

case studies of clinical patients in psychoanalysis

Question 4

key ideas of the psychodynamic approach

Answer 4

unconscious influences behavior

personality formed in early childhood

Question 5

key concepts of the psychodynamic approach

Answer 5

id
ego
superego

Question 6

id

Answer 6

instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle

Question 7

pleasure principle

Answer 7

demands immediate gratification of its urges

Question 8

ego

Answer 8

decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle

Question 9

reality principle

Answer 9

seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found

Question 10

superego

Answer 10

moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

Question 11

psychoanalytic model

Answer 11

intrapsychic conflict that leads to anxiety, which leads to reliance on defense mechanisms

Question 12

defense mechanism

Answer 12

unconscious psychological strategies for dealing with anxiety

Question 13

what are the defense mechanisms?

Answer 13

repression
projection
displacement
reaction formation
regression
rationalization

Question 14

repression

Answer 14

keeping thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Question 15

projection

Answer 15

attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another

Question 16

displacement

Answer 16

diverting emotional feelings from the original source to a substitute target

Question 17

reaction formation

Answer 17

behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings

Question 18

regression

Answer 18

reversion to immature patterns of behavior

Question 19

rationalization

Answer 19

creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behaviors

Question 20

foundation of the humanistic approach

Answer 20

case studies of clinical patients in client-centered therapy

Question 21

key ideas of the humanistic approach

Answer 21

goodness of human nature
emphasis of free will
importance of subjective experience

Question 22

key concept of the humanistic approach

Answer 22

self-concept

Question 23

self-concept

Answer 23

mental model of abilities and attributes

Question 24

humanistic model

Answer 24

congruence of self-concept and actual experience means the person is well-adjusted.
incongruence of self-concept and actual experiences means the person is poorly adjusted.

Question 25

foundation of the behavioral approach

Answer 25

lab studies primarily with animal subjects

Question 26

key ideas of the behavioral approach

Answer 26

personality is a response tendency shaped by reinforcement history environmental determinism

Question 27

environmental determinism

Answer 27

one's environment determines their personality

Question 28

behaviorist model

Answer 28

one's environment determines their behavior, which has consequences (which further impacts one's behavior)

Question 29

foundation of the social-cognitive approach

Answer 29

lab studies with primarily human children subjects

Question 30

key ideas of the socio-cognitive approach

Answer 30

individuals are self-organizing, self-reflecting, and self-regulating self-efficacy impacts behavior

Question 31

socio-cognitive model

Answer 31

reciprocal determinism

Question 32

reciprocal determinism

Answer 32

internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another

Question 33

self efficacy

Answer 33

our beliefs about performance capacity in a particular situation

Question 34

what is the difference between the behavioral and cognitive models?

Answer 34

the behavioral model says we cannot study internal behavior; the cognitive model says we can!

Question 35

foundation of the trait approach

Answer 35

statistical analysis of empirical data from personality tests

Question 36

key ideas of the trait approach

Answer 36

individuals are unique | traits are consistent patterns of feelings, behaviors, and thoughts

Question 37

what are the traits of the five factor model?

Answer 37

``` conscientiousness agreeableness neuroticism openness extraversion ```

Question 38

ranges studied in conscientiousness

Answer 38

organized/disorganized careful/careless disciplined/impulsive

Question 39

ranges studied in agreeableness

Answer 39

soft-hearted/ruthless trusting/suspicious helpful/uncooperative

Question 40

ranges studied in neuroticism

Answer 40

calm/anxious secure/insecure self-satisfied/self-pitying

Question 41

ranges studied in openness

Answer 41

imaginative/practical preference for variety/routine independent/conforming

Question 42

ranges studied in extraversion

Answer 42

sociable/retiring fun-loving/sober affectionate/reserved

Question 43

are there gender differences in personality?

Answer 43

YES | women are typically more agreeable than men

Question 44

what personality traits increase with age?

Answer 44

social dominance conscientiousness agreeability emotional stability

Question 45

what personality traits decrease with age?

Answer 45

neuroticism | openness

Question 46

what traits do people in individualistic societies more identify with?

Answer 46

``` adventure competition individualism modernity uniqueness wealth ```

Question 47

what traits do people in collectivist societies more identify with?

Answer 47

``` collectivism courtesy family nature respect for elderly social status ```

Question 48

what is a larger determinant of personality: genetic or environment?

Answer 48

ENVIRONMENT! (~60%) | genetics is ~40%

Question 49

components of environment

Answer 49

shared environment and unique environment

Question 50

examples of shared environment

Answer 50

family race, ethnicity, and culture neighborhood school

Question 51

examples of unique environment

Answer 51

birth order sibling interaction parental interaction peers

Question 52

is shared environment or unique environment more predictive of personality?

Answer 52

UNIQUE ENVIRONMENT!