Development Flashcards
development
age-related change through maturity
examples of physical development
brain
body
motor
examples of social developement
temperament
attachment
self-control
examples of cognitive development
language
senses
stages before maturity
prenatal (conception to birth) infancy (birth to 2 y.o.) early childhood (2-6 y.o.) middle childhood (6-12 y.o.) adolescence (12-18 y.o.)
stages of prenatal development
germinal (conception to implantation of zygote)
embryonic (implantation to 8 wks)
fetal (8 wks to birth)
teratogens
toxic agents that can cause defects in an embryo or fetus
what is the leading cause of mental retardation?
fetal alcohol syndrome
what is the leading GENETIC cause of mental retardation?
Down syndrome
what are behaviors that infants are born with?
grasping rooting sucking Babinski Moro stepping
Babinski reflex
spreading of toes
rooting flex
touching check causes baby to turn head
Moro reflex
spreading of body when falling
temperament
mood, activity, and emotional responsiveness
can predict antisocial behavior
types of attachment
secure
ambivalent
avoidant
disorganized
secure attachment
the infant is distressed when the mother leaves, and feels joy when she returns
foreshadows resilience, competence, healthy self-esteem, and good relations as an adult
ambivalent attachment
the infant is very distressed when the mother leaves, and has mixed emotions when she returns
avoidant attachment
the infant has little distress when the mother leaves, and little joy when she returns
disorganized attachment
the infant is confused when the mother leaves and is confused when she returns
what contributes to self-control?
delay of gratification
Piaget’s theory
humans gradually develop knowledge structures because of biological maturation and action on their environment
Piagetian conceptions
schemas
assimilation
accomidation
schema
cognitive structure used to get a sense of the world
assimilation
incorporation of the world into knowledge structures
accomidation
modification of schemas when experiences do not fit one’s current schemas
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor period
pre-operational period
concrete operational period
formal operational period
sensorimotor period
coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence
birth to 2 y.o.
pre-operational period
development of symbolic thought; irreversible and egocentric
2 to 7 y.o.
concrete operational period
logic applied to concrete things
mastery of conservation and hierarchal classification
7-11 y.o.
formal operational period
logic applied to abstract things
systematic hypothetical thinking
11 y.o-adulthood
object permanence
recognition that objects exist independently of one’s actions or awareness
theory of mind
understanding that others have thoughts that differ from their own
conservation
understanding that physical properties do not change when nothing is added or subtracted, even if the appearance changes
Vygotsky’s theory
cognitive development is internalization of interpersonal communication
language is a mechanism of cognitive development
concepts of Vygotsky’s theory
zones of proximal development
scaffolding
zone of proximal development
difference between what the learner can do with help versus without help
scaffolding
the way that the teacher guides learning
includes focused questions
adolescence
transitional period between childhood and adulthood
the consequences of an immature prefrontal cortex in an adolescent
planning organizing prioritizing strategizing impulse control contextualizing
who experiences their growth spurt faster: boys or girls?
girls
issues of social emotional development
identity development
social skills
emotional intelligence
identity statuses
identity achievement identity moratorium identity foreclosure identity diffusion key person: James Marcia
identity achievement
successful achievement of a sense of identity
identity moratorium
active struggling for a sense of identity
identity foreclosure
unquestioning adoption of parental or societal values
identity diffusion
absence of struggle for identity, with no obvious concern about it.
