Thermoreceptors Flashcards
What does the hypothalamus control? x 7
- body temperature,
- thirst,
- hunger,
- water balance,
- sexual function.
- closely connected with emotional activity
- sleep
What is external work?
energy used to contract skeletal muscles eg to move an object, or move the body in relation to the environment.
What is internal work?
1) all other biological expenditure that does not accomplish work outside the body eg contractions associated with postural maintenance or shivering
2) All energy expending activities necessary to sustain life eg Breathing, pumping blood etc.
How to calculate metabolic rate?
energy expenditure / unit of time
Units = kcal/hour (kJ/hour)
What is the basic unit of heat energy?
Calorie
What is a calorie?
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1oC.
What conditions is the basal metabolic rate measured under?
– Awake – Relaxed – Mental Rest (>30 min) – Lying – Warm (temp 20-25ºC) – Fasting (12 hr)
There is a direct relationship between the volume of O2 utilised and the …..
Amount of heat produced
How to calculate the metabolic rate?
x L/hr x 4.8
What is food intake controlled primarily by?
Hypothalamus
What is the arcuate nucleus responsible for control of?
- Long term control of energy balance and body weight
* Short term control of food intake on a meal to meal basis
How many subunits does the arcuate nucleus have?
2
What do the 2 subunits of the arcuate nucleus release?
One - neuropeptide Y
Other - melanocortins
What is neuropeptide Y?
An appetite stimulator
What is melanocortin?
An appetite supressor
What are the hormones secreted by adipocytes called?
Adipokines
Leptin, release, function
Released from stored fat, suppressed appetite, dominant long-term regulator of energy balance and body weight.
Which adipokines is suppressed in obesity?
Adiponectin
Function of adiponectin x 4
- Promotes fatty acid oxidation by muscle
- Increases sensitivity to insulin
- Decreases body weight by increasing energy expenditure
- Anti-inflammatory actions.
What adipokine is released primarily in obesity?
Resistin
What does resistin release lead to?
Insulin resistance
What is visfatin primarily released from?
From visceral fat
Function of visfatin
Stimulates glucose uptake; binds with insulin receptor at a site distinct from the insulin-binding site
Function of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)
Promote low-level inflammation in fat and throughout the body.
Neuropeptide source, effect
Source - arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
Increases appetite
Melanocortins source, effect
Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
Decreases appetite
Leptin source, effect
Adipose tissue
Decreases appetite
Insulin source, effect
Source - endocrine pancreas
Decreases appetite
Ghrelin source, effect
Stomach
Increases appetite
Child with mutation of leptin gene before lepsin
Obeses
Core body temperature (tc)
Temperature within the inner core which consists of the abdominal and thoracic organs, CNS, skeletal muscles.
Causes of variation in core body temperature
- Diurnal variation - 1C- lowest in early morning, highest in late afternoon
- Menstrual cycle - +.5C last half
- Exercise - increased
- Age - elderly lower
Outer shell temperature
Comprised of the skin and body fat, the temperature of the outer shell is generally cooler and can vary substantially.
What can the skin temperature fluctuate between without causing damage?
Between 20°C and 40°C
What does an increase in temp do to cellular reactions?
Speeds up cellular chemical reactions
Nerve impact of temp increase
Nerve malfunction, irreversible protein denaturation
41° prob
Convulsions
43°C for body
Upper limit compatible with life
Decrease in temp on cellular reactions
Slows down cellular reactions