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Physiology > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is ground substance?

A

A basic tissue that provides structural and metabolic support to other tissues and organs.

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2
Q

What does Ground substance add?

A

Strength and stiffness

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3
Q

What does Ground substance delay?

A

Delays the spread of infection

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4
Q

Ground substance characteristics

A

Gel-like extracellular matrix

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5
Q

What does Ground substance contain (x 3) ?

A
  1. Water (and salts)
  2. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  3. Proteoglycan molecules
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6
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

Polysaccharides, made up of sugar

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7
Q

What do proteoglycan molecules do?

A

Bind water giving gelatinous property to matrix

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8
Q

What do proteoglycan molecules form?

A

They form aggregates to make up ground substance.

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9
Q

What is the main component of ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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10
Q

Most common glycosaminoglycans?

A
  • Hyaluronate
  • Chondroitin-4-sulphate
  • Chondroitin-6-sulphate
  • Dermatan sulphate
  • Heparin sulphate
  • Keratin sulphate
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11
Q

What is the predominant GAG?

A

Hyaluronic acid

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12
Q

🥲What is hyaluronate so important in GAGs?

A

Because the viscosity of ground substance depends on the content of it.

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13
Q

How does GAGs stain?

A

Metachromatically with toluidine blue

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14
Q

🥲What is the ground substance elaborated by?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, especially of fibroblast.

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15
Q

🥲What are the most important connective tissue cells?

A
  • Mesenchymal cells
  • Fibroblasts
  • Adipocytes (fat cells)
  • Immune cells
    • Macrophages / Monocyte
    • Mast cells
    • B cell / Plasma cells
    • Lymphocyte
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16
Q

What are the most important connective tissue fibres?

A
  • Collagen

- Elastin

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17
Q

Inter-relationship of Connective tissue

A
  • All have one ancestor - mesenchymal stem cell
  • All cells have diversity in form and function
  • Evidence that interchange is possible
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18
Q

Function of Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)

A

To differentiate into other cells

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19
Q

Function of fibroblasts

A

Synthesis extracellular matrix; would healing

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20
Q

Function of adipocytes (fat cells)

A

Store and metabolise fat

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21
Q

Function of macrophages (Histiocytes)

A

Phagocytic, innate immune cell

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22
Q

Function of mast cells

A

Histamine reactions; innate immune cell

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23
Q

Function of B cells / Plasma cells

A

Make antibodies; adaptive immune cell

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24
Q

Function of T cells

A

Major immune cell; adaptive immune cell

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25
Q

Where are mesenchymal stem cells obtained from?

A

Bone marrow

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26
Q

What can mesenchymal stem cells do?

A

Differentiate into all other cells in connective tissue

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27
Q

What type of stem cells are mesenchymal stem cells?

A

Multipotent

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28
Q

What do mesenchymal stem cells have potential for?

A

Cell replacement therapy

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29
Q

What is the most abundant cell in connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts

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30
Q

What do fibroblasts have a role in?

A

Would healing (secrete collagenous matrix - scar tissue)

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31
Q

Name two cell thats can differentiate into other cells.

A

Mesenchymal stem cells & fibroblasts

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32
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesise?

A

Extracellular matrix, i.e secrete components (GAGs, collagen, elastin, ground substance)

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33
Q

What do adipocytes develop from?

A

Fibroblasts

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34
Q

What do adipocytes do (x 3)?

A
  • Store & metabolise fat (lipids)
  • Insulate
  • Support and protect organs
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35
Q

Can mature adipocytes divide?

A

No

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36
Q

Role of white adipose

A

Energy store - insulation & shock absorption

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37
Q

Role of brown adipose

A

Stores energy in fat

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38
Q

White adipose percentage of body weight

A

20% males, 25% females

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39
Q

Where is a macrophage born?

A

In bone marrow

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40
Q

The birth of macrophage stages

A
  1. Stem cell - bone marrow
  2. Monoblast - bone marrow
  3. Monocyte - blood
  4. Macropage - tissue
  5. Activated macrophage - tissue
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41
Q

What do macrophages present at their surface?

A

Present pathogen antigens at their cell surface to T cells (elicit an adaptive immune response)

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42
Q

Where are fixed macrophages found at?

A

Strategic points

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43
Q

What are the roles in disease of macrophages?

A
  • role in atherosclerotic deposits
  • destroy influenza infected throat cells
  • they release growth factors (tumor cell proliferation)
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44
Q

The replication of what virus occurs in macrophages?

A

HIV

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45
Q

What historical pathogen was resistant to phagocytosis?

A

The plague pathogen

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46
Q

Name 3 disorders of macrophages

A
  • Granuloma
  • Macrophage Activation Syndrome
  • Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis
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47
Q

Name two disease are resistant to lysosomal degradation.

A
  • Leprosy

- Tuberculosis

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48
Q

What do macrophages have for degradation?

A

Lysosomes

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49
Q

What do macrophages do to foreign materials?

A

They scavenge foreign materials

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50
Q

What are two types of mast cells?

A
  • Connective tissue type

- Mucosal

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51
Q

5 places mast cells present?

A
  • Skin
  • Mucosa of lungs
  • Gut
  • Mouth
  • Nose
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52
Q

What does mast cells stimulate?

A

Stimulates release of histamine and heparin

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53
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Dilates venules, activates endothelium, and increases blood vessel permeability

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54
Q

What do mast cells cause (symptoms)?

A

Causes edema (swelling), warmth, redness, attracts inflammatory cells, activates nerves (itching & pain)

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55
Q

What are mast cells similar to?

A

Basophils

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56
Q

What do mast cells express

A

Fc receptor

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57
Q

What do B-cells express?

A

‘immunoglobulin-receptors’ on surface membrane

58
Q

What do B-cells bind?

A

Bind to receptors & induce B-cell differentiation into plasma and memory cells

59
Q

Are memory cells short or long lived?

A

Long lived

60
Q

What do memory cells allow for?

A

Allow quick attack against same antigen

61
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

Antibodies

62
Q

Where are plasma cells usually found?

A

Tissues – lymph nodes, spleen, intestine

63
Q

Function of antibodies

A
  • Block entry of viruses by binding viral surface

- Coat antigen on pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis by macrophages

64
Q

Four types of T-cells

A
  • Helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • Suppressor T cells
  • Memory T cells
65
Q

Function of Helper T cells

A

Secrete interleukins to activate B cell, cytotoxic T cell & macrophage

66
Q

Function of Cytotoxic T cells

A

Kill virus infected cells & some cancer cells

67
Q

Function of Suppressor T cells

A

Suppress response to self antigens

68
Q

Function of memory T cells

A

Long lived activated T cells that remain for subsequent activation (i.e. adaptive)

69
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A
  • Infected macrophage
  • B-cell
  • Dendritic cell
  • Tumour cell
70
Q

What does T cell expressing T-cell receptor bind?

A

Binds antigen-MHC complex to become activated

71
Q

Where is digested foreign material presented?

A

At the cell surface attached MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

72
Q

3 types of fibres

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Fibrillin
73
Q

What are collagen, elastin and fibrillin synthesised by?

A

Collagen

74
Q

What type of fibres does collagen make?

A

Log straight fibres

75
Q

What is the most common fibre in connective tissue?

A

Collagen

76
Q

Where is collagen present?

A

Found in skin, tendons, ligaments, bone and organs

77
Q

Collagen weak / strong

A

Flexible and strong

78
Q

Fibroblasts (synthesise)→

A

Collagen proteins (aggregate) →

79
Q

Collagen proteins (aggregate) →

A

Tropo-collagen (assemble) →

80
Q

Tropo-collagen (assemble) →

A

Collagen microfibrils fibres (form) →

81
Q

Collagen microfibrils fibres (form) →

A

Collagen bundles

82
Q

Fibroblasts (synthesise)→ (full)

A

Collagen proteins (aggregate) → Tropo-collagen (assemble) → Collagen microfibrils fibres (form) → Collagen bundles

83
Q

What dictates the type of collagen fibres?

A

Their structural role in a particular organ

84
Q

Give 4 examples of collagen fibres

A
  • Gel
  • Tight bundles
  • Stacked
  • Fibres arranged at an angle
85
Q

Where are gel collagen fibres present?

A

Extracellular matrix or vitreous humor of eye

86
Q

Where are tight bundle collagen fibres present?

A

Tendons

87
Q

Where are stacked collagen fibres present?

A

Cornea

88
Q

Where are collagen fibres arranged at an angle present?

A

Bones

89
Q

What are polypeptide chains held together by?

A

Hydrogen bonds

90
Q

What are fibril-forming collagen types?

A

I - III

91
Q

Where is collagen type I present?

A
  • Found in the supporting elements of high tensile strength.

- Found in bone, skin, tendon, muscles, cornea and walls of blood vessels.

92
Q

Where is collagen type II present?

A
  • In cartilaginous tissues,
  • Inter vertebral disk
  • Vitreous body
  • Hyaline cartilage.
93
Q

Where is collagen type III present?

A

Found in distensible tissues, tissues that can expand due to pressure from within - fetal skin, blood vessels.

94
Q

What are network-forming collagen types?

A

IV & VII

95
Q

Where is collagen type IV found?

A

Found in the basement membranes and muscles.

96
Q

Does collagen type IV form fibrils?

A

No

97
Q

What is the structure of collagen type IV like?

A

mesh-like

98
Q

Where is collagen type VII found?

A

Beneath stratified squamous epithelia

99
Q

What does collagen type VII form?

A

Forms anchoring fibrils that link to the basemen membrane.

100
Q

What are the fibril-associated collagen types?

A

IX and XII

101
Q

Where is collagen type IX found?

A

In cartilage

102
Q

Where is collagen type IX localised?

A

At intersections of cartilage fibres

103
Q

Where is collagen type XII found?

A
  • Tendons

- Ligaments

104
Q

Collagen tumors

A

Fibrosarcoma

105
Q

Function of fibrosarcoma

A

Proliferating fibroblast tumor

106
Q

Systemic disorders (connective fibre related)

A

Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

107
Q

Function of Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A

Autoimmunity against connective tissue

108
Q

Inherited disorders (connective fibre related) (5)

A
  • Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
  • Osteogenesis Imperfecta
  • Marfan syndrome
  • William’s syndrome
  • Cutis laxa
109
Q

Function of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome

A

Mutation in gene coding collagen

110
Q

Function of Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

Mutation in collagen synthesis

111
Q

Function of Marfan syndrome

A

Mutation in gene coding fibrillin

112
Q

Function of William’s syndrome

A

Deletion of gene coding elastin

113
Q

Function of Cutis laxa

A

Mutation in gene coding elastin

114
Q

Dysfunctional collagen synthesis

A

Keloid Hypertrophy

115
Q

Function of keloid hypertrophy

A

Collagen hypergrowth on scars

116
Q

Fibrosarcoma most common age/gender

A

Males aged 30-40 years.

117
Q

What can fibrosarcoma form from?

A

From fibroblasts in soft tissue

118
Q

What is fibrosarcoma?

A

An overgrowth of tissues with an excess deposition of matrix components (i.e. collagen) by proliferating fibroblasts

119
Q

When does Systemic Lupus erythematosus start

A

Age 15-50

120
Q

Survival rate of Systemic Lupus erythematosus

A

95% (5yr), 90% (10yr) and 78% (20yr)

121
Q

What happens in Systemic Lupus erythematosus?

A

Immune system self-attacks connective cells

122
Q

Systemic Lupus erythematosus gender

A

More likely in non-European women

123
Q

Symptoms of Systemic Lupus erythematosus

A 
95% Achy joints (arthralgia)
90% Fever over 38ºC
81% Prolonged or extreme fatigue
90% Arthritis (swollen joints)
74% Skin Rashes
71% Anaemia
50% Kidney Involvement
45% Chest Pain on deep breathing (pleurisy)
30% Sun or light sensitivity (photosensitivity)
27% Hair loss
17% Raynaud's phenomenon (fingers blue)
15% Seizures
12% Mouth or nose ulcers.
124
Q

Ehlers - Danlos syndrome

A
  • Mutation gene coding collagen
  • Hypermobility of joints
  • Stretchy skin
125
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a mutation in..

A

Collagen synthesis

126
Q

What does osteogenesis affect?

A

Skeleton ears and eyes

127
Q

What is osteogensis also known as?

A

Brittle bone disease

128
Q

What is marfan syndrome a mutation in?

A

In gene coding fibrillin

129
Q

What does marfan syndrome affect?

A
  • Eysight
  • Lungs
  • Heart
  • Skeleton
130
Q

How is eyesight affected by marfan syndrome?

A
  • Near-sighted (myopic)
  • Ocular lens dislocation
  • Retinal detachment
131
Q

How are lungs affected by marfan syndrome?

A

Spontaneous lung collapse (pneumothorax)

132
Q

How is the cardio-vascular system affected by marfan syndrome?

A
  • Aorta widening / dilatation
  • Aortic aneurysms
  • Mitral and aortic valve proplapse / leakage
133
Q

How is the skeleton affected by marfan syndrome?

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Pectus deformity
  • Tall stature
  • Loose jointedness
134
Q

Two syndromes resulting from mutations in elastin

A
  • William’s syndrome

- Cutis Laxa

135
Q

Cutis Laxa physical effect

A

Skin hangs loosely in folds

136
Q

What is cutis laxa a mutation in?

A

In elastic fibres comprising the dermis

137
Q

What is deletion elastin associated with?

A

With connective tissue issues

138
Q

What are behavioural characteristics of people with William’s syndrome?

A

Distinctive, cheerful manner & ease with strangers

139
Q

What is William’s syndrome?

A

A rare neurodevelopmental disorder

140
Q

Deletion of William’s syndrome

A

26 genes on chromosome 7

Physiology (28 decks)

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