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Physiology > Nervous tissue > Flashcards

Nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two part of the nervous system?

A
  • Central nervous system

- Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A
  • Brain

- Spinal cord

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3
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A
  • Cranial nerves

- Spinal nerves

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4
Q

What is the PNS divided up into?

A
  • The somatic nervous system (SNS)

- The autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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5
Q

What are the two types of matter present in the brain?

A
  • Gray matter

- White matter

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6
Q

What is gray matter composed of?

A
  • Neuron perikarya (cell bodies)
  • Glial cells
  • Axons
  • Dendrites
  • Synapses
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7
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

Axons, myelin sheath and glial cells

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8
Q

What is not present in white matter that is present in gray matter?

A

No neuron, perikarya or synapses

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9
Q

What are the two functional divisions of PNS?

A
  • Sensory (afferent) divisions

- Motor (efferent) division

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10
Q

What does the sensory (afferent) divisions do?

A

Carries signals to the CNS

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11
Q

What does the motor (efferent) division do?

A

From CNS to effectors

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12
Q

What is are the divisions of sensory?

A

– Somatic division, eg touch, pressure

– Visceral sensory division, eg taste, hunger

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13
Q

What is are the divisions of sensory division? and give effectors for each

A
  1. Somatic motor division
    Effectors: skeletal muscles
  2. Visceral motor division (also called ANS)
    Effectors: glands and cardiac/smooth muscles
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14
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

Motor innervation of all skeletal muscles

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15
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

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16
Q

What are the general functions of the visceral sensory?

A

Stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes and irritation in viscera; nausea and hunger

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17
Q

What are the special functions of the visceral sensory?

A

Taste, smell

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18
Q

What are the general functions of the somatic sensory?

A

Touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature and propriception in skin, body wall and limbs

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19
Q

What are the special functions of the somatic sensory?

A

Hearing, equilibrium, vision

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20
Q

What are the major brain cell types?

A
  • neurons
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  • schwann Cells (PNS)
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21
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Provide myelin sheaths that insulate axons

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22
Q

What is the function of capillaries (in brain)?

A

Form the blood-brain-barrier

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23
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

The macrophages of the brain, provide an immune system against infections but release molecules that kill neurons

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24
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

To release growth factors, create scar tissue, control

brain-blood-barrier

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25
Q

What is the soma?

A

The cell body

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26
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

They receive information

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27
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Where two neurons ‘meet’

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28
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Protective neuronal ‘covering’

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29
Q

What are the three structural classifications of neurons?

A
  • unipolar (1 branch)
  • biopolar (2 branches)
  • multipolar (many branches)
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30
Q

H & E function

A

Stains nucleus, no detail on cytoplasm can be seen

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31
Q

Nissl function

A

stains RNA – note absence from the axon (A)

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32
Q

Heavy metal impregnation technique function

A

Shows detail of the cytoplasm, negative image of the nucleus. Note the terminal boutons (B) making synapses with the cell body.

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33
Q

Gold method function

A

Provides excellent detail of neuronal shape shows the presence of cytoskeleton in the dendrites and axons; the blue counterstain shows the nuclei of surrounding cells.

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34
Q

Describe silver impregnation method

A

Purkinje cell in the cerebral cortex. These cells have a single small axon A at one pole and a finely branching dendritic tree at the other pole.

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35
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons?

A
  • Nerves that make you feel
  • Deliver info from sensory
    receptors in PNS to CNS
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36
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A
  • Nerves that make you move

- Deliver motor commands from CNS to PNS, muscle, glands

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37
Q

What is involved in neurotransmittion? (basic)

A
  1. Action potentials reach presynaptic terminal
  2. Stimulate Ca2+ entry
  3. Neurotransmitters released from synaptic vesicles
  4. Neurotransmitter crosses synaptic junction (synapse)
  5. On postsynaptic terminal transmitter binds receptor
  6. Receptor activated to transmit a signal in postsynaptic neuron
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38
Q

What is involved in neurotransmittion? (chemical)

A
  1. Presynaptic membrane depolarization induces
  2. Brief opening of calcium channels
  3. Calcium influx promotes exocytosis of synaptic vesticles with..
  4. Release of neurotransmitter
  5. Neurotransmitter reacts with receptors
  6. Promotes postsynaptic membrane depolarization
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39
Q

Diameter of synapytic vessels

A

40-60 nm

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40
Q

Where are synaptic vesicles concentrated?

A

In clusters at nerve terminals

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41
Q

What does neurotransmitter release involve?

A
  1. Targeting of SVs to release sites
  2. Docking of SVs to plasma
    membrane
  3. Priming to fuse SVs during impulse
  4. Fusion/exocytosis & transmitter release
  5. Retrieval of SV by endocytosis
    ‘KISS & RUN’ PROCESS
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42
Q

How do SVs recycle in presynaptic transmitter release?

A

Recycle without collapsing into membrane

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43
Q

What are two types of drugs?

A
  • Agonist drugs

- Antagonists drugs

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44
Q

What is the function of agonist drugs?

A

Activate receptors like neurotransmitters

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45
Q

What is the function of antagonists drugs?

A

Inhibit receptors and block neurotransmitters binding to receptors

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46
Q

What are the steps in postsynaptic receptor activation?

A
  1. Neurotransmitters bind receptors
  2. Receptors are then activated
  3. Activation of receptors transmits signal into the cell
  4. Signals cause the cell to grow, die, move, etc
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47
Q

What does myelination aid with?

A

Signal conduction velocity down the axon

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48
Q

What is myelin?

A

An electrical insulator sheath wrapped around axons

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49
Q

What do oligodendrocytes produce?

A

Produce myelin on CNS axons

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50
Q

What do schwann cells produce?

A

Produce myelin on PNS axons

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51
Q

What are the short gaps in myelin along axons called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

52
Q

How many myelin sheaths does a schwann cell form?

A

One

53
Q

What do myelin sheaths prevent?

A

Prevents flux of ions across the membrane

54
Q

What is the distance between nodes of ranvier?

A

1mm

55
Q

Where do the AP’s occur?

A

At ion channels

56
Q

What do cable properties mean?

A

That the AP’s jump from node to node

57
Q

What is the name for when the AP’s jump from node to node

A

Saltatory conduction

58
Q

What does myelination aid with?

A

Proprogation down the axon

59
Q

Name a consequence of demyelination

A

Multiple sclerosis

60
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

An auto Immune Disease which is when the body starts to destroy itself

61
Q

What occurs in MS?

A

The body attacks and destroys the fatty tissue called myelin that insulates an axon/nerve, and is called demyelination.

62
Q

What does MS affect?

A

The central nervous system and inflames the white matter in the brain which creates plaques.

63
Q

What can occur if damage with MS is sever?

A

It can also destroy the nerve/axon itself

64
Q

How does the PNS communicate with the CNS?

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) neurons conduct signals from receptors to the CNS
65
Q

How does the PNS communicate with the CNS?

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) neurons conduct signals from receptors to the CNS
  2. Interneurons (association) are confined to the CNS
  3. Motor (efferent) neurons conduct signals from teh CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands
66
Q

What is the sensory system composed of?

A

3 neurons
1oy Primary Neuron
2oy Secondary Neuron
3oy Tertiary Neuron

67
Q

Where does interpretation of the three neurons occur?

A

In cortex

68
Q

Afferents (direction)

A

Body to brain

69
Q

Where does the 2oy secondary neuron run?

A

Up to thalamus

70
Q

Where does the 3oy tertiary neuron run?

A

Up to cortex

71
Q

Where is the 1oy primary neuron from?

A

Synapse

72
Q

Efferents direction

A

Brain to body

73
Q

General synapse basic connection

A

nerve-nerve

74
Q

Neuromuscular junction basic connection

A

Nerve-muscle

75
Q

Give the key features of generalised synapse

A
  • Nerve-nerve synapse smaller than a NMJ with a narrower synaptic cleft
  • Smooth postsynaptic membrane gives small surface area
  • May be excitatory or inhibitory
  • Numerous transmitter substances
76
Q

What are the key features of the neuromuscular junction?

A
  • NMJ is larger than a nerve-nerve synapse with a wider synaptic cleft
  • Folds of postsynaptic membrane gives large surface area
  • the NMJ is always excitatory
77
Q

How many transmitter does the neuromuscular junction have?

A

One – Acetylcholine

78
Q

How many muscle fibres in eye?

A

10

79
Q

How many muscle fibres in biceps?

A

1000’s

80
Q

What is the effect of curare on neurotransmission?

A

Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

81
Q

What is the effect of curare on neurotransmission?

A

Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

82
Q

What is the effect of organophosphates on neurotransmission?

A

Blocks acetylcholine-esterase

83
Q

What is the effect of atropine on neurotransmission?

A

Blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

84
Q

What is the effect of botulinum toxin on neurotransmission?

A

Blocks acetylcholine release

85
Q

What is the effect of black widow venom on neurotransmission?

A

Promotes acetylcholine release

86
Q

What effect does curare have on muscle?

A

Muscle weakness

87
Q

What effect does botulinum toxin have on muscle?

A

Muscle weakness

88
Q

What effect does atropine have on muscle?

A

Dilates pupils, increases heart rate

89
Q

What effect does black widow venom have on muscle?

A

Continuous contraction

90
Q

What effect does organophosphates have on muscle?

A

Continuous contraction

91
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

An autoimmune disorder

92
Q

What occurs in the body during myasthenia gravis?

A

Body makes antibodies that attack nicotinic ACh receptors at NMJ

93
Q

What develops in myasthenia gravis?

A

Muscular weakness

94
Q

Action potentials in myasthenia gravis?

A

Fewer action potentials in muscle so muscle contractile force is reduced

95
Q

End plate potential of myasthenia gravis?

A

Smaller end plate potential which may be sub-threshold

96
Q

Symtoms of myasthnia gravis

A
  • Eye muscle weakness
  • Weakness of other limbs
  • Respiratory muscles – may need intubation to maintain airway
97
Q

Treatments for myasthenia gravis

A
  • Cholinesterase inhibitors eg neostigmine

- Immunosuppressants

98
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory nerve-nerve synapse vs neuromuscular junction

A

NN - Excitatory or inhibitory

NMJ - always excitatory

99
Q

Surface area of NN synapse vs NMJ

A

NN - smooth postsynaptic membrane gives small
surface area
NMJ - folds of postsynaptic membrane gives larger surface area

100
Q

Size of NN synapse vs NMJ

A

NN- smaller with a narrower synaptic cleft

NMJ - larger with a wider synaptic cleft

101
Q

Transmitter substances of NN vs NMJ

A

NN - numerous transmitter substances

NMJ - One transmitter – Acetylcholine

102
Q

Potential of NN vs NMJ

A

NN - lower - always subthreshold

NMJ - higher - always suprathreshold

103
Q

Summation in NN vs NMJ

A

NN - summation needed

NMJ - no summation needed

104
Q

Give the functions of neuroglia

A

Protect the neurons and help them function - no axons or dendrites.

105
Q

Give an example of neuroglia

A

In the fetus, guide young migrating neurons to their destinations

106
Q

Number of neuroglia vs neuons

A

Neurons are outnumbered by neuroglia in the nervous system

107
Q

What are the four types of neuroglial cells in the CNS?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Microglia
108
Q

What are the most abundant glial cells?

A

Astrocytes

109
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A
  • Form framework of CNS
  • Link neurons to blood vessels
  • Contribute to blood-brain barrier.
110
Q

What do oligodendrocytes form?

A

Myelin sheaths in CNS

111
Q

Function of ependymal cells

A

Line ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord; produce cerebral spinal fluid.

112
Q

What are microglia formed from?

A

Monocytes

113
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Engulf invading microbes

114
Q

Where are microglia present?

A

In areas of infection, trauma or stroke

115
Q

What are the two types of neuroglail cells in the PNS

A
  • Schwann cells

- Satellite cells

116
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Myelinate fibers of PNS

117
Q

What do schwann cells assist in?

A

In the regeneration of damaged fibres

118
Q

Where are satellite cells present?

A

Surround cell bodies in ganglia

119
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

They regulate the chemical environment of the neurons

120
Q

What do microglia act as?

A

Scavengers

121
Q

Name a modified immune cell

A

Microglia

122
Q

Give two functions of ependymal cells

A
  • Create barriers between compartments

- Source of neural stem cells

123
Q

Give a function of astrocytes

A

Take up K+, water, neurotransmitters

124
Q

Give a function of schwann cells

A

Secrete neurotrophic factors

125
Q

Give a functino of satellite cells

A

Support cell bodies

Physiology (28 decks)

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