Diseases

Question 1

Name a haemolytic disease of the newborn

Answer 1

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Question 2

Details of erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 2

– Haemolysis of RBCs of fetus which can cause anemia or worse
– May occur when an Rh negative mother & Rh positive father have an Rh positive fetus

Question 3

Disease of neutrophil

Answer 3

Neutropenia - (low numbers) during anemia, leukemia, chemotherapy, which results in increased infections

Question 4

Diseases of eosinphils x 2

Answer 4

• Eosinopenia

- Eosinophilia

Question 5

Eosinopenia

Answer 5

Low numbers - during stress, glucocorticoid treatment, Cushing’s disease

Question 6

Eosinophilia

Answer 6

high numbers - during infection, arthritis, malignancy, dermatitis, drugs (penicillin)

Question 7

Name diseases of basophils

Answer 7

• Basopenia

- Basophilia

Question 8

Basopenia

Answer 8

Low numbers - causes itching (autoimmune urticaria)

Question 9

Basophilia

Answer 9

High numbers - in some forms of leukaemia or lymphoma

Question 10

What diseases do mast cells release histamine in?

Answer 10

Asthma, Arthritis, Eczema, Itch, Rhinitis, Anaphylaxis.

Question 11

What is the function of antibodies?

Answer 11

• Block entry of viruses by binding viral surface
• Coat antigen on pathogens
• Facilitate phagocytosis by macrophages

Question 12

Function of IgM

Answer 12

Serves as the β cell surface receptor for antigen attachment

Question 13

Function of IgE

Answer 13

• Helps protect against parasitic worms

- Antibody mediator for common allergic responses

Question 14

Where is IgA found?

Answer 14

Found in secretions of digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary systems; also in milk and tears

Question 15

Where is IgD present?

Answer 15

Present on surface of many β cells

Question 16

Process of cytotoxic T-cells killing

Answer 16

1. Class I MHC molecules are found on surface of all cells.
2. They are recognized only by cytotoxic (CD8) T cells.
3. CD8 coreceptor links the two cells together.
4. Linked in this way, cytotoxic T cells can destroy body cells if invaded by foreign (viral) antigen.

Question 17

Functions of lymphoid tissue (3)

Answer 17

1. Produce, store and distribute lymphocytes
2. Return interstitial fluid to blood
3. Transport lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins

Question 18

Melanocortins source, effect

Answer 18

Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

Decreases appetite

Question 19

Function of adiponectin x 4

Answer 19

• Promotes fatty acid oxidation by muscle
• Increases sensitivity to insulin
• Decreases body weight by increasing energy expenditure
• Anti-inflammatory actions.

Question 20

Ghrelin source, effect

Answer 20

Stomach

Increases appetite

Question 21

Insulin source, effect

Answer 21

Source - endocrine pancreas

Decreases appetite

Question 22

What are the 4 mechanisms of heat exchange?

Answer 22

1. Radiation (Heat waves)
2. Conduction (Contact)
3. Convection (Air)
4. Evaporation (Sweat)

Question 23

NB!! What is the response to cold exposure coordinated by?

Answer 23

Posterior hypothalamus

Question 24

NB!!Mechanism of pyrexia

Answer 24

• Innate immune cells such as macrophages encounter bacteria or other pathogens
• Macrophages release endogenous pyrogens (EP)
– e.g. Interleukin-1b
• EP cause prostaglandin (PG) synthesis
• Act on hypothalamic thermosensitive cells
• Set-point ‘re-set’ to 38.9ºC
• Hence 37.8ºC is ‘too cold’
• Activates thermogenesis
– Shivering
• Reduces heat loss
– Vasoconstriction

Question 25

What does aspirin and paracetamol block?

Answer 25

Prostaglandin synthesis