Diseases Flashcards
Name a haemolytic disease of the newborn
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Details of erythroblastosis fetalis
– Haemolysis of RBCs of fetus which can cause anemia or worse
– May occur when an Rh negative mother & Rh positive father have an Rh positive fetus
Disease of neutrophil
Neutropenia - (low numbers) during anemia, leukemia, chemotherapy, which results in increased infections
Diseases of eosinphils x 2
- Eosinopenia
- Eosinophilia
Eosinopenia
Low numbers - during stress, glucocorticoid treatment, Cushing’s disease
Eosinophilia
high numbers - during infection, arthritis, malignancy, dermatitis, drugs (penicillin)
Name diseases of basophils
- Basopenia
- Basophilia
Basopenia
Low numbers - causes itching (autoimmune urticaria)
Basophilia
High numbers - in some forms of leukaemia or lymphoma
What diseases do mast cells release histamine in?
Asthma, Arthritis, Eczema, Itch, Rhinitis, Anaphylaxis.
What is the function of antibodies?
- Block entry of viruses by binding viral surface
- Coat antigen on pathogens
- Facilitate phagocytosis by macrophages
Function of IgM
Serves as the β cell surface receptor for antigen attachment
Function of IgE
- Helps protect against parasitic worms
- Antibody mediator for common allergic responses
Where is IgA found?
Found in secretions of digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary systems; also in milk and tears
Where is IgD present?
Present on surface of many β cells
Process of cytotoxic T-cells killing
- Class I MHC molecules are found on surface of all cells.
- They are recognized only by cytotoxic (CD8) T cells.
- CD8 coreceptor links the two cells together.
- Linked in this way, cytotoxic T cells can destroy body cells if invaded by foreign (viral) antigen.
Functions of lymphoid tissue (3)
- Produce, store and distribute lymphocytes
- Return interstitial fluid to blood
- Transport lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins
Melanocortins source, effect
Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
Decreases appetite
Function of adiponectin x 4
- Promotes fatty acid oxidation by muscle
- Increases sensitivity to insulin
- Decreases body weight by increasing energy expenditure
- Anti-inflammatory actions.
Ghrelin source, effect
Stomach
Increases appetite
Insulin source, effect
Source - endocrine pancreas
Decreases appetite
What are the 4 mechanisms of heat exchange?
- Radiation (Heat waves)
- Conduction (Contact)
- Convection (Air)
- Evaporation (Sweat)
NB!! What is the response to cold exposure coordinated by?
Posterior hypothalamus
NB!!Mechanism of pyrexia
• Innate immune cells such as macrophages encounter bacteria or other pathogens
• Macrophages release endogenous pyrogens (EP)
– e.g. Interleukin-1b
• EP cause prostaglandin (PG) synthesis
• Act on hypothalamic thermosensitive cells
• Set-point ‘re-set’ to 38.9ºC
• Hence 37.8ºC is ‘too cold’
• Activates thermogenesis
– Shivering
• Reduces heat loss
– Vasoconstriction
What does aspirin and paracetamol block?
Prostaglandin synthesis
