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Physiology > Endocrine 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Overall functions of the endocrine system

A
  1. regulates organic metabolism and H2O and electrolyte balance
    • 2. Induces adaptive changes to help cope with stressful situations
    • 3. Promotes smooth, sequential growth and development
    • 4. Controlling reproduction
  2. Regulating red blood cell production
  3. Along with the autonomic nervous system, controlling and integrating activities of both the circulatory and digestive systems.
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2
Q

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

6

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3
Q

What do both the pancreas and hypothalamus secrete?

A

Somatostatin

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4
Q

Function of vasopressin

A

Promotes H2O reabsorption by binding V2 receptors and cause vasoconstriction of arterioles throughout the body by binding with V1 receptors on arteriolar smooth muscle.

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5
Q

Function of insulin

A

Promotes conversion of glucose into glycogen by stimulating one particular hepatic enzyme, while glucagon, stimulates another hepatic enzyme to enhance the degradation of glycogen to glucose.

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6
Q

Name a chemical messenger that may be a hormone or a neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine

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7
Q

Where is norepinephrine secreted from? x 2

A
  • As a hormone by the adrenal medulla

- As a neurotransmitter from sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers.

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8
Q

Name an organ that perform nonendocrine functions as well as hormone secretions

A

Testes

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9
Q

Dual funciton of testes

A

Produce sperm and also secrete the male hormone testosterone.

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10
Q

What does the hypothalamus-pituitary integrate?

A

Nervous and endocrine systems

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11
Q

What does pituitary function depend on

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

Where does the pituitary lie?

A

At base of brain below hypothalamus

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13
Q

What is the pituitary-hypothalamus connected by?

A

By nerve fibers and blood vessels

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14
Q

What does the hypothalamus-pituitary regulate?

A 
Function of
– thyroid
– adrenal
– reproductive glands
– somatic growth
– lactation
– water metabolism
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15
Q

Where does the hypothalamus lie?

A

At base of brain

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16
Q

How does pituitary connect to base of brain?

A

By infundibular stalk

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17
Q

Anterior pituitary (developed from)

A

Epithelial structure develops from Rathke’s pouch

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18
Q

Posterior pituitary (structure)

A

Neural structure develops from floor of midbrain, consists of nerve fibers that run from hypothalamus to
anterior pituitary

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19
Q

What does the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus form?

A

Neuroendocrine system

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20
Q

What is the posterior pituitary composed of?

A

Neural tissue

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21
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland store?

A

Two peptide hormones in axonal ends

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22
Q

What does the posterior pituitary release?

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone, ADH)

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23
Q

What are peptides packaged into?

A

Vesicular granules

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24
Q

Vesicular peptides transport

A

Transported down axons into posterior lobe

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25
Q

Where is peptide release from

A

Terminal (similar to neurotransmitter release)

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26
Q

Other name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Vasopressin

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27
Q

Vasopressin during a water deficit

A

Secretion of vasopressin increases. This increases water reabsorption.

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28
Q

Vasopressin during an excess of water

A

Secretion of vasopressin decreases. Less water is reabsorbed. More is eliminated

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29
Q

What does the secretion of vasopressin cause?

A

Increases the permeability of the tubule cells to water.

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30
Q

What exists outside tubules for the transport of water by osmosis?

A

An osmotic gradient

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31
Q

What percent of water reabsorption is obligatory in the proximal tubule?

A

65%

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32
Q

Mechanism of action of vasopressin

A
  1. Blood-borne vasopressin binds with its receptor sites on the basolateral membrane of a principal cell in the distal or collecting tubule.
  2. This binding activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) second-messenger system within the cell.
  3. Cyclic AMP increases the opposite luminal membrane’s permeability to H2O by promoting the insertion of AQP-2 water channels into the membrane. This membrane is impermeable to water in the absence of vasopressin.
  4. Water enteres the tubular cell from the tubular lumen through the inserted water channels.
  5. Water exits the cell through a different water channel (either AQP-3 or AQP-4) permanently positioned at the basolateral border, and then enters the blood, in this way being reabsorbed.
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33
Q

What does vasopressin control?

A

Blood volume

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34
Q

What does vasopressin act on? and why

A

On kidney to increase water reabsorption in distal tubule

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35
Q

What happens (vasopressin) in increased blood volume?

A

– sensed by stretch receptors in heart atrium
– signal to hypothalamus
– decreased vasopressin production

36
Q

What happens (vasopressin) in decreased blood volume?

A

– reduced activity of hypothalamic osmoreceptors

– reduces vasospressin secretion

37
Q

What can occur in diabetes involving vasopressin?

A

Failure of ADH secretion or reduced sensitivity of kidney to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) may occur

38
Q

Forms of vasopressin and use

A

Desmopressin - enuresis
Terlipressin - control of bleeding
Felypressin - adjunct to local anaesthetic

39
Q

Oxytocin in breastfeeding pathway

A
  1. Nursing stimulates nerve receptors in nipples.
  2. Sensory nerves carry impulses to the neuroendocrine cells of hypothalamus.
  3. Neuroendocrine cells release oxytocin when stimulated.
  4. Oxytocin is transported by blood to mammary glands.
40
Q

What hormone rises during birth?

A

Estrogen

41
Q

What contraction does oxytocin help in and function.

A

Helps in smooth muscle contractions which cause release of milk

42
Q

Which hormones induces labour?

A

Oxytocin

43
Q

Which organ produces oxytocin receptors?

A

Uterus

44
Q

Functions of oxytocin

A
  • contracts uterus
  • synthetic oxytocin induces labour
  • helps in smooth muscle contractions which cause release of milk
45
Q

What does oxytocin influence?

A

Maternal behaviour, facilitates bonding or attachment

46
Q

Hormones produced in the posterior lobe

A
  • Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone ADH)

- Oxytocin

47
Q

Function of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone ADH)

A

Promotes water retention

48
Q

Function of oxytocin

A

Stimulates milk ejection

49
Q

6 hormones produced in anterior lobe

A
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Prolactin (Prl)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
49
Q

6 hormones produced in anterior lobe

A
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Prolactin (Prl)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
50
Q

Function of Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Stimulates growth

51
Q

Function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex

52
Q

Function of Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates thyroid gland

53
Q

Function of Prolactin (Prl)

A

Stimulates lactation

54
Q

Function of Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Stimulates gonads

55
Q

Function of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates gonads

56
Q

Function of oxytocin in arterioles

A

Produces vasoconstriction

57
Q

Function of oxytocin in uterus

A

Increases contractility

58
Q

Function of oxytocin in mammary glands (breasts)

A

Causes milk ejection

59
Q

What type of hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

Tropic and direct hormones

60
Q

What are anterior pituitary hormones regulated by>

A

Hypothalamic hormones

61
Q

Growth of anterior pituitary

A

Epithelia-derived upgrowth from roof of oral cavity

62
Q

What makes growth hormones?

A

Somatotrophs make growth hormone (somatotrophin)

63
Q

Name the primary hormone that regulates overall body growth.

A

Somatotrophin

64
Q

What secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, tyrotropin) ?

A

Thyrotropes

65
Q

What do coricotropes do?

A

Produce and release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

66
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

Stimulates cortisol secretion by the adrenal gland and promotes growth of the adrenal gland.

67
Q

What do gonadotropes secrete?

A

Secrete 2 hormones that act on the gonads: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) helps regulate gamete production in both sexes.

68
Q

Function of LH

A

Helps control sex hormone secretion in both sexes. In females LH responsible for ovulation, and controls secretion of oestrogen and progesterone. In males LH causes secretion of testesterone from the testes.

69
Q

What secretes prolactin?

A

Lactotrophs

70
Q

Function of prolactin

A

Enhances breast development and milk production in females. Function in males is less certain.

71
Q

Six anterior pituitary hormones diagram

A
72
Q

What does TSH stimulate?

A

T3 and T4 secretion

73
Q

What do hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones transduce signals through?

A

Second messenger

74
Q

What are the 2 most important factors that regulate anterior pituitary hormone secretion are

A

1) hypothalamic hormones

2) feedback by target gland hormones

75
Q

What are the 7 hypophysiotropic hormones:

A
  1. Tyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH).
  2. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  3. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  4. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  5. Somatostatin (Growth hormone inhibiting hormone; GHIH)
  6. Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
  7. Dopamine (Prolactin-Inhibiting hormone; PIH)
76
Q

What is the effect of Tyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on the anterior pituitary?

A

Stimulates release of TSH (thyrotropin) and prolactin

77
Q

Function of Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

Stimulates release of ACTH (corticotropin)

78
Q

Function of Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Stimulates release of FSH and LH (gonadotropins)

79
Q

Function of Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

Stimulates release of growth hormone

80
Q

Function of Somatostatin (Growth hormone inhibiting hormone; GHIH)

A

Inhibits release of growth hormones and TSH

81
Q

Functions of Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

A

Stimulates release of prolactin

82
Q

Function of Dopamine (Prolactin-Inhibiting hormone; PIH)

A

Inhibits release of prolactin

83
Q

Vascular link between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A
  1. Hypophysiotropic hormones (releasing and inhibiting hormones) produced by neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus enter the hypothalamic capillaries.
  2. These hypothalamic capillaries rejoin to form the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system, a vascular link to the anterior pituitary.
  3. The portal system branches into the capillaries of the anterior pituitary.
  4. The hypophysiotropic hormones, which leave the blood across the anterior pituitary capillaries, control the release of anterior pituitary hormones.
  5. When stimulated by the appropriate hypothalamic releasing hormone, the anterior pituitary secretes a given hormone into these capillaries.
  6. The anterior pituitary capillaries rejoin to form a vein, through which the anterior pituitary hormones leave for ultimate distribution throughout the body by the systemic circulation.
84
Q

Hierarchic chain of command and negative feedback in endocrine control diagram

A
85
Q

Seven Hypothalamic Hormones (9-15) diagram

A
86
Q

Hypothalamus-Pituitary Overview diagram

A

Physiology (28 decks)

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