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Physiology > Blood 2 > Flashcards

Blood 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major mechanisms of defense?

A
  • Protective surfaces
  • Innate immune system
  • Adaptive immune system
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2
Q

What are the functions of protective surfaces?

A
  • Secrete antibacterial substance (lysozyme)

- Have acidic pH that inhibits growth of pathogens

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3
Q

What are the protective surfaces?

A 
• Skin
• Mucosal linings
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Respiratory tract
- Urinary tract
- Reproductive tract
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4
Q

What is the function of innate immune cells

A
  • Complement protein & peptides in blood/tissue

- Beat trivial infections

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5
Q

NB! What are the innate immune cells in blood/tissue? (6)

A

(1) Neutrophils
(2) Eosinophils
(3) Basophils
(4) M’cyte/Macrophage
(5) Mast cells
(6) Natural killer cells

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6
Q

What are adaptive immune cells?

A

Cells with ability to learn i.e. subsequent infections produce greater response

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7
Q

What are two adaptive immune cells?

A
  • T lymphocytes (T cells)

- B lymphocytes (B cells)

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8
Q

What is the response of T lymphocytes?

A

Cellular response

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9
Q

What is the response of B lymphocytes?

A

Humoral response

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10
Q

What do T cells interact with?

A

APCs (macrophage & dendritic cells)

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11
Q

What is involved in B cells?

A
  • Involves production of antibodies by B cells
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12
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • Platelets
  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Plasma
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13
Q

What are white blood cells composed of?

A
  • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

- Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)

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14
Q

What is the function of phagocytosis?

A
  • To acquire nutrients

- To remove pathogens & cell debris

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15
Q

What are the steps in phagocytosis?

A
  1. Engulf by endocytosis
  2. Form an internal phagosome
  3. Delivered & fusion with lysosome
  4. Degraded in lysosome
  5. Released via exocytosis
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16
Q

What are the three types of leukocytes (granulocytes)?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
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17
Q

What is the diameter of neutrophils?

A

10-12µm

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18
Q

What is the diameter of eosinophils?

A

10-14µm

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19
Q

What is the diameter of basophils?

A

8-10µm

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20
Q

What is the % of WBCs of neutrophils?

A

60-70%

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21
Q

What is the % of WBCs of eosinophils?

A

1-5%

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22
Q

What is the % of WBCs of basophils?

A

1-5%

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23
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

A

1st to encounter pathogens

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24
Q

What is the primary function of eosinophils?

A

Attack parasites e.g. worms

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25
Q

What is the primary function of basophils?

A

Release heparin, elastase

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26
Q

What is the nucleus of neutrophils composed of?

A

Composed of 2-5 lobes

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27
Q

What are 3 functions of neutrophils?

A
  • Acute inflammation
  • First line of defence during infection
  • Phagocytic activity
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28
Q

What do primary neutrophils contain?

A

Contain antibacterial and digestive enzymes (eg myeloperoxidase) involved in destruction of invading organisms

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29
Q

What do secondary neutrophils contain?

A

Contain lyzozymes; involved in phagocytosis

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30
Q

What do tertiary neutrophils contain?

A

Contain gelatinase; granules involved in insertion of glycoproteins into cell membrane for cellular adhesion

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31
Q

What is the type of nucleus in eosinophils?

A

Bilobed nucleus

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32
Q

Where do eosinophils enter?

A

Enter mucosal surfaces of respiratory, lower urinary

and GI tracts

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33
Q

When are eosinophils increased?

A

Increased in parasitic allergic disease

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34
Q

What do eosinophils phagocytose?

A

Phagocytose IgE opsonised parasites

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35
Q

How do eosinophils kill?

A

By granule release

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36
Q

What are the characteristics of basophils?

A

Large granules (basophilic, dark blue staining & bilobed nucleus

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37
Q

What are basophils similar to?

A

Mast cells

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38
Q

What do basophils contain?

A

Histamine

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39
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A

Dilates blood vessels (inflammation-redness)

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40
Q

When are basophils increased?

A

In parasitic/allergic disease

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41
Q

What do basophils exocytose? (and via what?)

A

Exocytose granules (histamine) via contact with IgE complexed allergen

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42
Q

What % of WBC are lymphocytes?

A

20%

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43
Q

What do lymphocytes cooperate with?

A

With antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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44
Q

What are two types of lymphocytes?

A

B-lymphocytes (B cells)

T-lymphocytes (T cells)

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45
Q

What is the function of B-lymphocytes?

A

Antibody production (plasma cells) antigen presentation

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46
Q

What is the function of T-lymphocytes?

A
  • Priming of innate responses (T-helper 1, TH1)
  • Priming of antibody responses (T-helper 2, TH2)
  • Direct cell lysis (cytotoxic T’s)
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47
Q

What % of WBC are monocytes?

A

5%

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48
Q

What are monocytes attracted by?

A
  • Histamine

- Cytokines

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49
Q

Birth etc of monocytes

A

Emerge from bone marrow while immature; 1-2 days later mature into macrophages

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50
Q

How long do macrophages last?

A

For months

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51
Q

What do macrophages do before they die?

A

Digest 100’s bacteria before they die

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52
Q

What do macrophages present?

A

Present pathogen antigens at cell surface

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53
Q

Where are fixed macrophages stationed?

A

At strategic points

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54
Q

What are the types of fixed macrophages?

A
  1. Dust/Alveolar type (lungs)
  2. Histiocytes (connective tissue)
  3. Kupffer cells (liver)
  4. Microglial cells (nervous)
  5. Osteoclasts (bone)
  6. Sinusoidal lining cells (spleen)
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55
Q

What are the characteristics of erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave, anucleate dics; salmon-colored; diameter 7-8µm

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56
Q

Erythrocyte cellss/mm3 of blood.

A

4-6 million

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57
Q

Duration of development of erythrocytes.

A

5-7 days

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58
Q

Life span of erythrocytes

A

100-120 days

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59
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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60
Q

Description of leukocytes

A

Spherical, nucleated cells

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61
Q

Leukocytes cellss/mm3 of blood.

A

4800-10,800

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62
Q

Description of neutrophil

A

Nucleus multilobed; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules; diameter 10-12µm

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63
Q

Neutrophils cellss/mm3 of blood.

A

3000 - 7000

64
Q

Duration of development of neutrophils.

A

6-9 days

65
Q

Life span of neutrophils

A

6 hours - few days

66
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytize bacteria

67
Q

Description of eosinphils

A

Nucleus bilobed; red cytolasmic granules; diameter 10-14µm

68
Q

Eosinophil cellss/mm3 of blood.

A

100-400

69
Q

Duration of development of eosinophils

A

6-9 days

70
Q

Life span of eosinophils

A

8-12 days

71
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Kill parasitic worms; destroy antigen-antibody complexes; inactivate some inflammatory chemical of allergy

72
Q

Function of basophils

A

Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant

73
Q

Function of lymphocytes

A

Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

74
Q

Function of monocyte

A

Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues

75
Q

Function of platelets

A

Seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting

76
Q

What do mast cells express?

A

Express Fc receptor

77
Q

What do mast cells bind?

A

Binds Fc of IgE

made by B-cells

78
Q

What do allergens bind?

A

Bind IgE on mast cell surface

79
Q

What do mast cells stimulate?

A

Stimulates release of histamine and heparin

80
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A

Dilates venules increasing blood permeability

81
Q

What does histamine cause (symptoms)?

A

Edema (swelling), warmth, redness, attracts inflammatory cells, activates nerves (itching & pain)

82
Q

What type of cells are natural killer cells?

A

Cytotoxic lymphocytes

83
Q

What is cytotoxic activity controlled by?

A

By surface expressed “activating receptors” and “inhibitory receptors“

84
Q

What are patients deficient in natural killer cells susceptible to?

A

Herpes virus infection

85
Q

What do natural killer cells release?

A

Perforin

86
Q

What is the function of perforin?

A

Form pores in cell membrane and causes apoptosis

87
Q

What do natural killer cells play a role in?

A

In rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses

88
Q

Disease of neutrophil

A

Neutropenia - (low numbers) during anemia, leukemia, chemotherapy, which results in increased infections

89
Q

Diseases of eosinphils

A
  • Eosinopenia

- Eosinophilia

90
Q

Eosinopenia

A

Low numbers - during stress, glucocorticoid treatment, Cushing’s disease

91
Q

Eosinophilia

A

high numbers - during infection, arthritis, malignancy, dermatitis, drugs (penicillin)

92
Q

Diseases of basophils

A
  • Basopenia

- Basophilia

93
Q

Basopenia

A

Low numbers - causes itching (autoimmune urticaria)

94
Q

Basophilia

A

High numbers - in some forms of leukaemia or lymphoma

95
Q

Where does HIV virus replicate?

A

In macrophages

96
Q

What was plague pathogen resistant to?

A

To phagocytosis by macrophages

97
Q

What do macrophages release?

A

Tumour growth molecules

98
Q

What are leprosy and tuberculosis resistant to?

A

To lysosomal degradation by macrophages

99
Q

What do macrophages destroy?

A

Influenza infected cells

100
Q

What diseases do mast cells release histamine in?

A

Asthma, Arthritis, Eczema, Itch, Rhinitis, Anaphylaxis.

101
Q

What do B cells express?

A

‘immunoglobulin-receptors’ on surface membrane

102
Q

What do B-cells differentiate into?

A

into plasma/memory cells

103
Q

What do memory cells allow for?

A

Allow quick attack against same antigen (vaccination principle) – (ie adaptive)

104
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

Antibodies specific for antigens

105
Q

Where are plasma cells usually found?

A

In lymph nodes, spleen, intestine, etc

106
Q

What is the function of antibodies? (3)

A
  • Block entry of viruses by binding viral surface
  • Coat antigen on pathogens
  • Facilitate phagocytosis by macrophages
107
Q

What are antibodies composed of?

A

– Two Heavy chains

– Two light chains

108
Q

What do the light and heavy chains of antibodies do?

A

Come together to form a specific antigen binding site

109
Q

What do all antibodies eventually do?

A

Enter the blood

110
Q

What are antibodies known as in the blood?

A

Gamma globulins or immunoglobulins

111
Q

What are the antibody (Immunoglobulin) subclasses?

A
  • IgM
  • IgG
  • IgE
  • IgA
  • IgD
112
Q

Function of IgM

A

Serves as the β cell surface receptor for antigen attachment

113
Q

When is IgM secreted?

A

Secreted in early stages of plasma cell response

114
Q

What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in blood?

A

IgG

115
Q

When is IgG produced (amount)?

A

Produced in large amounts when body is exposed to same antigen

116
Q

Function of IgE

A
  • Helps protect against parasitic worms

- Antibody mediator for common allergic responses

117
Q

Where is IgA found?

A

Found in secretions of digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary systems; also in milk and tears

118
Q

Where is IgD present?

A

Present on surface of many β cells

119
Q

What are the four types of T-cells?

A
  • Helper (Th)
  • Cytotoxic (Tc)
  • Suppressor (Ts)
  • Memory
120
Q

Function of helper T-cells

A

Secrete interleukins

121
Q

Function of cytotoxic T-cells

A

Kill virus infected cells & cancer cells

122
Q

Function of suppressor T-cells

A

Suppress response to self antigens

123
Q

Function of memory T-cells

A

Long lived (i.e. adaptive)

124
Q

4 Antigen presenting cells

A
  • infected macrophage
  • B-cell
  • dendritic cell
  • tumor cell
125
Q

Where is digested foreign materal presented?

A

At the cell surface attached MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

126
Q

What do T cell expressing T-cell receptor (TCR) bind?

A

Binds antigen-MHC complex to become activated

127
Q

Process of cytotoxic T-cells killing

A
  1. Class I MHC molecules are found on surface of all cells.
  2. They are recognized only by cytotoxic (CD8) T cells.
  3. CD8 coreceptor links the two cells together.
  4. Linked in this way, cytotoxic T cells can destroy body cells if invaded by foreign (viral) antigen.
128
Q

Functions of lymphoid tissue (3)

A
  1. Produce, store and distribute lymphocytes
  2. Return interstitial fluid to blood
  3. Transport lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins
129
Q

6 Secondary lymphoid tissues

A 
– Spleen
– Lymph nodes
– Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) [Peyer’s
Patches]
– Adenoids
– Appendix
– Tonsils
130
Q

What is the site of T cell development?

A

Thymus

131
Q

What is the site of B-cell and pre T cell development?

A

Bone marrow

132
Q

Components of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphocytes, Lymph, Lymphatic vessels

133
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues and function

A
  • Thymus where immature T-cell mature

* Bone marrow where lymphocyte stem cells & Bcells mature

134
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues

A
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • MALT/GALT
135
Q

What occurs in the spleen (involving cells_

A

Where T- & B-cells interact with antigens in blood

136
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

At large lymphatic vessels

137
Q

What occurs at lymph nodes?

A

Where T- and B-cells are activated by antigen/APC activation)

138
Q

What is at mucosal/gut associated lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphatic clusters e.g. Tonsils, Peyer’s patches in intestine

139
Q

What does the thymus have?

A

Cortex and medulla

140
Q

What do epithelial cells in outer cortex of thymes secrete? (and promote)

A

Nurse cells secrete hormones and promote T-cell differentiation and proliferation

141
Q

What do T cells move deeper towards?

A

medulla

142
Q

What do T cells acquire on surface?

A

Acquire TCR on surface

143
Q

What are T-cells activated and destroyed by?

A

Activated by self-antigens are destroyed by apoptosis

144
Q

What does the central medulla in the thymus have and function?

A

Have APCs which exposes T-cells to self antigens

145
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Free antigens and dendritic cells present antigens to T cells

146
Q

What do stimulated B and T cells undergo?

A

Clonal expansion and maturation

147
Q

Why do lymph nodes become enlarged?

A

Due to infection (pharyngitis, TB) & tumours (lymphoma, leukaemia, malignant / metastasis)

148
Q

T and B cells when stimulated function

A
  • B cells secrete antibodies

* T cells leave node & go to damaged tissue

149
Q

Afferenet lymphatic nodes function

A

Brings, antigen-carrying dendritic cells, macrophages & free antigens

150
Q

Efferenet lymphatic nodes function

A

Joins blood stream via thoracic duct or lymphatic duct

151
Q

What does lymph draining back into blood pass through?

A

Lymph nodes

152
Q

Medulla (inner) of lymph nodes contents

A

contains plasma cells & macrophages

153
Q

Cortex (outer) of lymph nodes contents

A

Contains lymphocytes (T- & Bcells) and dendritic cells

154
Q

How mat litres of blood not reabsorbed in capillaries / venules.

A

3 litres

155
Q

Journey of lymphatic drainage.

A
  • Enters lymph vessels
  • Pumped to lymph nodes
  • Re-enters circulation near right atrium

Physiology (28 decks)

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