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Physiology > Epithelial tissue > Flashcards

Epithelial tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is tissue?

A

A collection of specialised cells

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

Made up of a variety of tissues

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3
Q

What is a system

A

An interaction of organs

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4
Q

What does epithelium line?

A
  • Glands
  • Bowel
  • Skin
  • Organs
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5
Q

What does endothelium line?

A

Blood and lymphatic vessels

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6
Q

What does mesothelium line?

A

Pleural and pericardial spaces

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7
Q

What are mesenchyme cells?

A

Cells that fill spaces between organs, including fat, muscle, bone, cartilage and tendon cells

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8
Q

What are neurons?

A

Conducting cells of the nervous system

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9
Q

What are stem cells capable of?

A

Capable of turning into one or several different cells

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10
Q

Two places where blood cells are present (other than blood)

A
  • Lymph nodes

- Spleen

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11
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

An immature egg

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12
Q

What are germ cells?

A

The founder cells of all sexually reproducing organisms

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13
Q

What type of tissue lines secretory cells?

A

Epithelial

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14
Q

What are the possible changes in cells and tissues?

A
  • Size
  • Number
  • Shape
  • Metabolism
  • Growth
  • Death
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15
Q

What cellular effect does atrophy have?

A

Decrease in size

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16
Q

What cellular effect does hypertrophy have?

A

Increase in size

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17
Q

What cellular effect does hyperplasia have?

A

Increase in number

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18
Q

What cellular effect does dysplasia have?

A

Change in shape

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19
Q

What cellular effect does metaplasia have?

A

Cell is replaced with another

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20
Q

What cellular effect does neoplasia have?

A

Causes an abnormal growth

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21
Q

What cellular effect does necrosis have?

A

Cell death

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22
Q

What cellular effect does apoptosis have?

A

Programmed death

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23
Q

What could cause muscle atrophy?

A

Being bed ridden

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24
Q

What could cause muscle hypertrophy?

A

Exercise

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25
Q

What could cause muscle endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Prolonged oestrogen exposure

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26
Q

Give an example of cellular dysplasia

A

Irritation or inflammation due to smoking damages cilia of respiratory epithelial cells

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27
Q

Give an example of cellular metaplasia

A

Squamous metaplasia where ciliated respiratory epithelial replaced by squamous (no cilia)

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28
Q

Give an example of cellular neoplasia

A

Gene mutation - oncogene (chemical, radiation, viruses), can be benign and malignant

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29
Q

What could cause cellular necrosis?

A

Injury / disease

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30
Q

What happens during cellular apoptosis?

A

Cells shrink, chromatin fragments, apoptotic bodies form and are phagocytosed by macrophages

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31
Q

What happens during cellular necrosis?

A

Lysosomal enzymes digest cell (autolysis) and inflammation is triggered

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32
Q

What are affected cells called (tumours)

A

Neoplasms

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33
Q

What is the primary tumour?

A

The original tumour

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34
Q

What is the secondary tumour?

A

A tumour at sites distant from primary

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35
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A non-cancerous tumour

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36
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A cancerous tumour

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37
Q

What are two different epithelial tissue?

A
  • Epithelia

- Glandular epithelia

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38
Q

What are six different connective tissues?

A
  • Fibroblast
  • Adipose tissue
  • Blood
  • Lymphoid tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
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39
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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40
Q

What are two types of neural tissues?

A
  • Glia

- Neurons

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41
Q

Name a malignant tumour of the epithelia

A

Carcinoma

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42
Q

Name a benign tumour of the epithelia

A

Papilloma

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43
Q

Name a malignant tumour of the glandular epithelia

A

Adeno carcinoma

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44
Q

Name a benign tumour of the glandular epithelia

A

Adenoma

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45
Q

Name a benign tumour of fibroblast

A

Fibroma

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46
Q

Name a benign tumour of adipose tissue

A

Lipoma

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47
Q

Name a malignant tumour of blood

A

Leukemia

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48
Q

Name a malignant tumour of lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphoma

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49
Q

Name a benign tumour of cartilage

A

Chondroma

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50
Q

Name a benign tumour of bone

A

Osteoma

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51
Q

Name a malignant tumour of fibroblast

A

Fibro sarcoma

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52
Q

Name a malignant tumour of adipose tissue

A

Lipo sarcoma

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53
Q

Name a malignant tumour of cartilage

A

Chondro sarcoma

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54
Q

Name a malignant tumour of bone

A

Osteo sarcoma

55
Q

Name a benign tumour of skeletal muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma

56
Q

Name a malignant tumour of cardiac muscle

A

Cardiac sarcoma

57
Q

Name a benign tumour of smooth muscle

A

Leiomyoma

58
Q

Name a malignant tumour of smooth muscle

A

Leiomyo sarcoma

59
Q

Name a malignant tumour of gila tissue

A

Glioma

60
Q

Name a malignant tumour of neurons

A

Neuroblastoma

61
Q

Are blood vessels present in epithelia?

A

No

62
Q

Where does epithelia get its nutrition?

A

Via underlying tissue

63
Q

What does lining epithelia do?

A

Regulate the passage of material in/out of body

64
Q

Examples of the function of lining epithelia

A
  • Gut - nutrients
  • Lungs - gases
  • Kidney - water, ions
  • Skin - water
65
Q

What do secretory cells do?

A

Secrete body fluids

66
Q

Where are secretory cells present ( x 2)

A
  • Glands

- Ducts

67
Q

What two types of glandular epithelia are there?

A
  • Exocrine

- Endocrine

68
Q

What is surface epithelial classified as?

A
  • Simple

- Stratified

69
Q

What are the three types of simple epithelial tissue?

A
  • Squamous
  • Columnar
  • Cuboidal
70
Q

What are the three types of stratified epithelial tissue?

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
71
Q

What are the two types of special epithelial tissue?

A
  • Sensory perception

- Reproduction

72
Q

What are epithelial tissues innervated by and where?

A

Nerves particularly at base

73
Q

What is the function of cell junctions?

A

Regulate passage of materials between cells and provide physical strength

74
Q

Are epithelial cells far apart or close together?

A

Close together - minimal matrix between cells

75
Q

Function of exocrine glands

A

Discharge products via duct

76
Q

Function of endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones into bloodstream

77
Q

What are the two types of exocrine glands?

A
  • Simple

- Compound

78
Q

What is the most common type of secretion?

A

Merocrine secretion

79
Q

Give two examples of apocrine secretion

A
  • Breasts

- Sweat glands

80
Q

Give an example of a gland that’s involved in holocrine secretion.

A

Sebaceous gland

81
Q

Give the functions of surface epithelium

A
  • Covers exposed surfaces
  • Lines internal passageways and chambers
  • Highly cellular
  • Capacity to regenerate
  • Provide physical protection
  • Control permeability
  • Provide sensation
82
Q

What is the term for a tissue having few or no blood vessels?

A

Avascular tissue

83
Q

What does simple epithelial mean?

A

Has one layer and permeable

84
Q

What does stratified epithelial mean?

A

Many layers, protective

85
Q

What does squamous mean?

A

Thin, flat, irregular

86
Q

What does cuboidal mean?

A

Box-like

87
Q

What does columnar mean?

A

Tall, slender, rectangular

88
Q

Give three examples of surface specialisation in epithelial tissue.(features)

A
  • Keratin
  • Microvilli
  • Cilia
89
Q

What is a feature of simple squamous?

A

Diffusion

90
Q

What is a feature of simple cuboidal?

A

Synthesis of hormones

91
Q

What is a feature of simple columnar?

A

Digestion, absorption, lubrication

92
Q

What is a feature of stratified cuboidal?

A

Saliva

93
Q

What is a feature of stratified squamous?

A

Protection

94
Q

What is a feature of stratified Columnar?

A

Saliva

95
Q

What is a feature of pseudostratified columnar?

A

Airways

96
Q

What is a feature of transitional epithelium?

A

Distention

97
Q

What is an example of simple squamous?

A

Blood vessels

98
Q

What is an example of simple cuboidal?

A

Thyroid gland

99
Q

What is an example of simple columnar?

A

Small intestine

100
Q

What is an example of stratified squamous?

A

Skin

101
Q

What is an example of stratified cuboidal?

A

Salivary gland

102
Q

What is an example of stratified columnar?

A

Salivary duct

103
Q

What is an example of pseudostratified columnar?

A

Trachea

104
Q

What is an example of transitional epithelium?

A

Bladder

105
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Synthesis & liberation of hormones

106
Q

Give two locations of simple cuboidal

A
  • Ducts

- Glands

107
Q

Give a characteristic of simple cuboidal

A

Single layer of box-shaped cells

108
Q

Give three functions (and via what?) of simple columnar

A
  • Digestion (via enzymes)
  • Absorption (via microcilli)
  • Lubrication (via mucous cells)
109
Q

Give a characteristic of stratified squamous

A

Many layers (with or without keratin)

110
Q

Give three functions of stratified squamous

A
  • Protection
  • Moist surface resists dehydration
  • Thermoregulation and sensation
111
Q

Give an example of stratified cuboidal

A

Salivary gland

112
Q

Give an example of stratified columnar

A

Salivary gland duct

113
Q

Give two characteristics of pseudostratified columnar ciliated

A
  • One layer of cells

- Only tall ones reach surface

114
Q

Give four functions of pseudostratified columnar ciliated

A
  • Secrete mucus (goblet cells)
  • Trap particles (mucus)
  • Move mucus (cilia)
  • Clean, warm, moisten (e.g. air)
115
Q

Give a characteristics of transitional epithelium

A

Many layers; all irregularly rounded

116
Q

Give a function of transitional epithelium

A

Give a function of transitional epithelium

117
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Ureter and bladder

118
Q

What is the function of basement membrane?

A

Anchors epithelial cells to underlying tissue

119
Q

What can be on the free surface (x 3)

A
  • Keratin
  • Cilia
  • Microvilli
120
Q

What is the function of keratin (free surface)?

A

Protection

121
Q

What is the function of cilia (free surface)?

A

Increase surface area and particle movement

122
Q

What is the function of microvilli (free surface)?

A

Increase surface area and particle movement

123
Q

What are the four intercellular junctions?

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Adherent junction
  • Gap junction
  • Desmosome
124
Q

Function of tight junction

A

Cell-cell contacts (virtually impermeable to fluid)

125
Q

Function of adherent junction

A

Cell-cell contacts

126
Q

Function of gap junction

A

Permit passage of ions & molecules between cells

127
Q

Function of desmosome

A

Cell-cell contacts

128
Q

Function of basement membrane

A
  • Separates epithelium, mesothelium and endothelium from underlying connective tissue
  • A matrix that anchors epithelial cells to underlying tissue
129
Q

Characteristics of basement membrane

A

Thin, fibrous, non-cellular tissue

130
Q

What does proliferation in epithelia occur via?

A

Mitosis

131
Q

NB! Give the four steps in proliferation of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Microtubules form
  2. Chromosomes duplicate & align at equator (metaphase)
  3. Chromosomes pull apart
  4. Cell divides
132
Q

What happens in metaphase arrest?

A

Vincristine (VCR) prevents formation of microtubules

133
Q

When can vincristine be injected?

A

3h before removal of tissues

Physiology (28 decks)

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