Epithelial tissue Flashcards
1
Q
What is tissue?
A
A collection of specialised cells
2
Q
What is an organ?
A
Made up of a variety of tissues
3
Q
What is a system
A
An interaction of organs
4
Q
What does epithelium line?
A
- Glands
- Bowel
- Skin
- Organs
5
Q
What does endothelium line?
A
Blood and lymphatic vessels
6
Q
What does mesothelium line?
A
Pleural and pericardial spaces
7
Q
What are mesenchyme cells?
A
Cells that fill spaces between organs, including fat, muscle, bone, cartilage and tendon cells
8
Q
What are neurons?
A
Conducting cells of the nervous system
9
Q
What are stem cells capable of?
A
Capable of turning into one or several different cells
10
Q
Two places where blood cells are present (other than blood)
A
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
11
Q
What is an oocyte?
A
An immature egg
12
Q
What are germ cells?
A
The founder cells of all sexually reproducing organisms
13
Q
What type of tissue lines secretory cells?
A
Epithelial
14
Q
What are the possible changes in cells and tissues?
A
- Size
- Number
- Shape
- Metabolism
- Growth
- Death
15
Q
What cellular effect does atrophy have?
A
Decrease in size
16
Q
What cellular effect does hypertrophy have?
A
Increase in size
17
Q
What cellular effect does hyperplasia have?
A
Increase in number
18
Q
What cellular effect does dysplasia have?
A
Change in shape
19
Q
What cellular effect does metaplasia have?
A
Cell is replaced with another
20
Q
What cellular effect does neoplasia have?
A
Causes an abnormal growth
21
Q
What cellular effect does necrosis have?
A
Cell death
22
Q
What cellular effect does apoptosis have?
A
Programmed death
23
Q
What could cause muscle atrophy?
A
Being bed ridden
24
Q
What could cause muscle hypertrophy?
A
Exercise
25
What could cause muscle endometrial hyperplasia?
Prolonged oestrogen exposure
26
Give an example of cellular dysplasia
Irritation or inflammation due to smoking damages cilia of respiratory epithelial cells
27
Give an example of cellular metaplasia
Squamous metaplasia where ciliated respiratory epithelial replaced by squamous (no cilia)
28
Give an example of cellular neoplasia
Gene mutation - oncogene (chemical, radiation, viruses), can be benign and malignant
29
What could cause cellular necrosis?
Injury / disease
30
What happens during cellular apoptosis?
Cells shrink, chromatin fragments, apoptotic bodies form and are phagocytosed by macrophages
31
What happens during cellular necrosis?
Lysosomal enzymes digest cell (autolysis) and inflammation is triggered
32
What are affected cells called (tumours)
Neoplasms
33
What is the primary tumour?
The original tumour
34
What is the secondary tumour?
A tumour at sites distant from primary
35
What is a benign tumour?
A non-cancerous tumour
36
What is a malignant tumour?
A cancerous tumour
37
What are two different epithelial tissue?
- Epithelia
| - Glandular epithelia
38
What are six different connective tissues?
- Fibroblast
- Adipose tissue
- Blood
- Lymphoid tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone
39
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
40
What are two types of neural tissues?
- Glia
| - Neurons
41
Name a malignant tumour of the epithelia
Carcinoma
42
Name a benign tumour of the epithelia
Papilloma
43
Name a malignant tumour of the glandular epithelia
Adeno carcinoma
44
Name a benign tumour of the glandular epithelia
Adenoma
45
Name a benign tumour of fibroblast
Fibroma
46
Name a benign tumour of adipose tissue
Lipoma
47
Name a malignant tumour of blood
Leukemia
48
Name a malignant tumour of lymphoid tissue
Lymphoma
49
Name a benign tumour of cartilage
Chondroma
50
Name a benign tumour of bone
Osteoma
51
Name a malignant tumour of fibroblast
Fibro sarcoma
52
Name a malignant tumour of adipose tissue
Lipo sarcoma
53
Name a malignant tumour of cartilage
Chondro sarcoma
54
Name a malignant tumour of bone
Osteo sarcoma
55
Name a benign tumour of skeletal muscle
Rhabdomyoma
56
Name a malignant tumour of cardiac muscle
Cardiac sarcoma
57
Name a benign tumour of smooth muscle
Leiomyoma
58
Name a malignant tumour of smooth muscle
Leiomyo sarcoma
59
Name a malignant tumour of gila tissue
Glioma
60
Name a malignant tumour of neurons
Neuroblastoma
61
Are blood vessels present in epithelia?
No
62
Where does epithelia get its nutrition?
Via underlying tissue
63
What does lining epithelia do?
Regulate the passage of material in/out of body
64
Examples of the function of lining epithelia
- Gut - nutrients
- Lungs - gases
- Kidney - water, ions
- Skin - water
65
What do secretory cells do?
Secrete body fluids
66
Where are secretory cells present ( x 2)
- Glands
| - Ducts
67
What two types of glandular epithelia are there?
- Exocrine
| - Endocrine
68
What is surface epithelial classified as?
- Simple
| - Stratified
69
What are the three types of simple epithelial tissue?
- Squamous
- Columnar
- Cuboidal
70
What are the three types of stratified epithelial tissue?
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
71
What are the two types of special epithelial tissue?
- Sensory perception
| - Reproduction
72
What are epithelial tissues innervated by and where?
Nerves particularly at base
73
What is the function of cell junctions?
Regulate passage of materials between cells and provide physical strength
74
Are epithelial cells far apart or close together?
Close together - minimal matrix between cells
75
Function of exocrine glands
Discharge products via duct
76
Function of endocrine glands
Secrete hormones into bloodstream
77
What are the two types of exocrine glands?
- Simple
| - Compound
78
What is the most common type of secretion?
Merocrine secretion
79
Give two examples of apocrine secretion
- Breasts
| - Sweat glands
80
Give an example of a gland that's involved in holocrine secretion.
Sebaceous gland
81
Give the functions of surface epithelium
- Covers exposed surfaces
- Lines internal passageways and chambers
- Highly cellular
- Capacity to regenerate
- Provide physical protection
- Control permeability
- Provide sensation
82
What is the term for a tissue having few or no blood vessels?
Avascular tissue
83
What does simple epithelial mean?
Has one layer and permeable
84
What does stratified epithelial mean?
Many layers, protective
85
What does squamous mean?
Thin, flat, irregular
86
What does cuboidal mean?
Box-like
87
What does columnar mean?
Tall, slender, rectangular
88
Give three examples of surface specialisation in epithelial tissue.(features)
- Keratin
- Microvilli
- Cilia
89
What is a feature of simple squamous?
Diffusion
90
What is a feature of simple cuboidal?
Synthesis of hormones
91
What is a feature of simple columnar?
Digestion, absorption, lubrication
92
What is a feature of stratified cuboidal?
Saliva
93
What is a feature of stratified squamous?
Protection
94
What is a feature of stratified Columnar?
Saliva
95
What is a feature of pseudostratified columnar?
Airways
96
What is a feature of transitional epithelium?
Distention
97
What is an example of simple squamous?
Blood vessels
98
What is an example of simple cuboidal?
Thyroid gland
99
What is an example of simple columnar?
Small intestine
100
What is an example of stratified squamous?
Skin
101
What is an example of stratified cuboidal?
Salivary gland
102
What is an example of stratified columnar?
Salivary duct
103
What is an example of pseudostratified columnar?
Trachea
104
What is an example of transitional epithelium?
Bladder
105
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Synthesis & liberation of hormones
106
Give two locations of simple cuboidal
- Ducts
| - Glands
107
Give a characteristic of simple cuboidal
Single layer of box-shaped cells
108
Give three functions (and via what?) of simple columnar
- Digestion (via enzymes)
- Absorption (via microcilli)
- Lubrication (via mucous cells)
109
Give a characteristic of stratified squamous
Many layers (with or without keratin)
110
Give three functions of stratified squamous
- Protection
- Moist surface resists dehydration
- Thermoregulation and sensation
111
Give an example of stratified cuboidal
Salivary gland
112
Give an example of stratified columnar
Salivary gland duct
113
Give two characteristics of pseudostratified columnar ciliated
- One layer of cells
| - Only tall ones reach surface
114
Give four functions of pseudostratified columnar ciliated
- Secrete mucus (goblet cells)
- Trap particles (mucus)
- Move mucus (cilia)
- Clean, warm, moisten (e.g. air)
115
Give a characteristics of transitional epithelium
Many layers; all irregularly rounded
116
Give a function of transitional epithelium
Give a function of transitional epithelium
117
Where is transitional epithelium found?
Ureter and bladder
118
What is the function of basement membrane?
Anchors epithelial cells to underlying tissue
119
What can be on the free surface (x 3)
- Keratin
- Cilia
- Microvilli
120
What is the function of keratin (free surface)?
Protection
121
What is the function of cilia (free surface)?
Increase surface area and particle movement
122
What is the function of microvilli (free surface)?
Increase surface area and particle movement
123
What are the four intercellular junctions?
- Tight junctions
- Adherent junction
- Gap junction
- Desmosome
124
Function of tight junction
Cell-cell contacts (virtually impermeable to fluid)
125
Function of adherent junction
Cell-cell contacts
126
Function of gap junction
Permit passage of ions & molecules between cells
127
Function of desmosome
Cell-cell contacts
128
Function of basement membrane
- Separates epithelium, mesothelium and endothelium from underlying connective tissue
- A matrix that anchors epithelial cells to underlying tissue
129
Characteristics of basement membrane
Thin, fibrous, non-cellular tissue
130
What does proliferation in epithelia occur via?
Mitosis
131
NB! Give the four steps in proliferation of epithelial tissue
1. Microtubules form
2. Chromosomes duplicate & align at equator (metaphase)
3. Chromosomes pull apart
4. Cell divides
132
What happens in metaphase arrest?
Vincristine (VCR) prevents formation of microtubules
133
When can vincristine be injected?
3h before removal of tissues
