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Physiology > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What does muscle do to chemical energy?

A

Changes it into mechanical energy

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2
Q

How much of the body weight does muscle form?

A

50%

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3
Q

What percentage of muscle does the skeletal muscle make up?

A

80%

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4
Q

What percentage of muscle does smooth and cardiac muscle make up?

A

10%

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5
Q

What are the five functions of muscle?

A
  • They contract…
  • They generate heat
  • They generate motion
  • They generate force
  • They provide support
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6
Q

What are the three main types of muscle?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
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7
Q

Name the voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Name the involuntary muscles

A

Cardiac and smooth

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9
Q

What types of muscle are skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A

Striated muscle

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10
Q

What type of muscle is smooth muscle?

A

Unstriated muscle

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11
Q

Is skeletal muscle strong or weak?

A

Strong

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12
Q

Is cardiac muscle strong or weak?

A

Strong

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13
Q

Is smooth muscle strong or weak?

A

Weaker

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14
Q

What type of contractions does skeletal muscle have?

A

Short contractions

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15
Q

What type of contractions does cardiac muscle have?

A

Continuous contractions

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16
Q

What type of contractions does smooth muscle have?

A

Continuous contractions

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17
Q

What type of nuclei does skeletal muscle have?

A

Peripheral nuclei

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18
Q

What type of nuclei does cardiac muscle have?

A

Central nuclei

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19
Q

What type of nuclei does smooth muscle have?

A

Central nuclei

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20
Q

What is the make up of skeletal muscle?

A

Fibres, striations

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21
Q

What is the make up of cardiac muscle?

A

Fibres (branching), striations

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22
Q

What is the make up of smooth muscle?

A

Cells

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23
Q

What is a skeletal muscle also called and why?

A

A muscle fibre because of its greater length than width

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24
Q

What is the length of a muscle fibre?

A

75,000 µm or 2.5 feet

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25
Q

What is the diameter of a muscle fibre?

A

From 10 to 100 micrometers

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26
Q

What is the shape of a muscle fibre?

A

Elongated and cylindrical

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27
Q

What is the outer membrane of a muscle fibre called?

A

Sarcolemma

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28
Q

What is the chemical composition of muscle?

A
  • Proteins (20%) (either as enzymes or for muscle Control)
  • Lactic Acid (in muscle that has undergone fatigue)
  • ATP, ADP
  • Myoglobin (stores O2 & gives colour to the muscle)
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29
Q

What are all muscle fibres innervated by?

A

A single neuron

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30
Q

What is the innervation ratio of motor neuron to muscle fibres?

A

From 1:100 to 1:2000

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31
Q

What is the motor neuron of skeletal muscle cells?

A

Spinal motor neuron

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32
Q

Eye motor neurons ratio

A

1:23

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33
Q

What is the myoneural junction?

A

Synapse between motor neuron & muscle fiber

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34
Q

What is the motor end plate?

A

A specialised area of sarcolemma under axon terminal

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35
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the myoneural junction?

A

Acetylcholine

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36
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

Plasmalemma of muscle cells.

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37
Q

What is external to the sarcolemma?

A

A well developed basement membrane

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38
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm of muscle cells excluding the myofibrils

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39
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells.

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40
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Thick layer of collagenous connective tissue that separates large bundles of muscle

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41
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Collagenous connective tissue that separates smaller bundles of muscle cells called fascicles

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42
Q

What is the fascicle?

A

A bundle of muscle cells bounded by perimysium

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43
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

A thinner layer of connective tissue that separates individual muscle cells

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44
Q

How is skeletal muscle connected to bone?

A

Via a tendon

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45
Q

What are each muscle cell (nuclei)?

A

Syncytial

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46
Q

What does syncytial mean?

A

Each striated muscle cell contains multiple nuclei (multinucleate)

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47
Q

What is present within the sarcoplasm?

A

Myofibrils

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48
Q

What are myofibrils composed of?

A

Repeating sacromere unit

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49
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Linear arrays of structures known as sarcomeres that are arranged in an end to end repeating pattern.

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50
Q

What do the sarcomeres contain?

A

Actin and myosin

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51
Q

What do actin and myosin do?

A

They interact to cause contraction of the muscle cells

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52
Q

How are tendons formed?

A

Collagen fibres blend to form the tendon at the end muscle

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53
Q

Muscle - breakdown (large to small)

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Fascicle
  3. Muscle cell/fibre
  4. Myofibril
  5. Myofilaments
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54
Q

What are myofibrils composed of?

A

Myofilaments

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55
Q

What does a myofibril display?

A

Alternating dark and light bands

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56
Q

What are dark bands (band type)?

A

A bands - thick and thin filaments

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57
Q

What are light bands (band type)?

A

I bands - thin filaments only

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58
Q

What (area) is the sarcomere?

A

The area between 2 consecutive Z discs/ lines

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59
Q

What is the functional unit of a muscle?

A

Sarcomere

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60
Q

What is the length of the sarcomere?

A

2.3 µm

61
Q

What is the Z-disc?

A

Dense thin membranes made up of special lattice-like proteins present transversely

62
Q

What is the largest known protein in the body?

A

Titin

63
Q

What are dark or A-band?

A

Thick filaments present overlapped by the thin filaments at the ends only

64
Q

What are light or I band?

A

The area present between the ends of the 2 thick filaments. It consists of thin filaments only

65
Q

What is the H-Zone?

A

The lighter area in the middle of the A-band, where the thin filaments do not reach. It consists of thick filaments only

66
Q

What is the M-line?

A

A line that extends vertically down the middle of the A-band in the center of the H-zone

67
Q

What are myofilaments / sarcomeres composed of?

A
  • Thick filament myosin

- Thin filaments actin

68
Q

What happens to the sarcomere during contraction?

A

It shortens

69
Q

Why are striations present in myofilaments?

A

Due to alignment of filaments of myofibrils

70
Q

What binds myosin and actin?

A

Myosin-binding protein C

71
Q

What will G-actin form?

A

The thin filament

72
Q

What is the molecular weight of G-actin?

A

43,000

73
Q

What does G-actin have a prominent site for?

A

For cross-linkage with myosin

74
Q

G-actin →

A

F-actin → thin filaments

75
Q

What is the polymerised G-actin?

A

F-actin

76
Q

How long is F-actin?

A

6-7nm

77
Q

What is the structure of F-actin?

A

Double stranded

78
Q

What are the two regulatory proteins of the muscles?

A
  • Tropomyosin

- Troponin

79
Q

What type of protein is tropomyosin?

A

Rod-like protein

80
Q

What is the molecular weight of tropomyosin?

A

70,000

81
Q

How many chains does tropomyosin have and what are they?

A

2 - alpha and beta chains

82
Q

What does tropomyosin do under resting conditions?

A

It covers the site for myosin attachment on F-actin molecule

83
Q

What does tropomyosin form?

A

Forms part of thin filaments

84
Q

What is the composition of troponin?

A

Globular protein complex made of 3 polypeptides

85
Q

What does troponin form?

A

Part of thin filaments

86
Q

What does troponin C do?

A

Binds to Ca2+

87
Q

What is the function of troponin I?

A

Inhibitory in function

88
Q

What does troponin T do?

A

Is attached to tropomyosin

89
Q

What is the length of thin filaments?

A

1 µm

90
Q

What is the diameter of thin filaments?

A

5-8 nm

91
Q

What is the number of G-actin molecules needed in thin filaments?

A

300-400

92
Q

What are two other proteins present in thin filaments?

A
  • Nebulin

- Titin

93
Q

What is the function of nebulin in thin filaments?

A

Provides elasticity to the sacromere

94
Q

What is the function of titin in thin filaments?

A

It contributes to the contraction of skeletal muscle

95
Q

What is present on actin molecules and why?

A

A binding site for attachment with myosin cross bridge

96
Q

What is the molecular weight of myosin?

A

480,000

97
Q

What does the thick filament consist of?

A

2 symmetrical halves that are mirror images of each other

98
Q

What is the chief constituent of thick filaments?

A

Myosin

99
Q

How many ends does myosin have?

A

2

100
Q

What do the ends of myosin consist of?

A
  • A globular end having 2 heads

- A rod-like tail

101
Q

How many peptide chains does myosin have?

A

6

102
Q

What are the 6 peptide chains? (types)

A
  • 2 identical heavy chains (200,000 each)

- 4 light chains (20,000 each)

103
Q

How many binding site does myosin have?

A

2

104
Q

What are the binding sites of myosin?

A
  1. Binding site for ACTIN

2. ATPase site

105
Q

How are myosin tails arranged?

A

To point toward the centre of the sarcomere

106
Q

How are myosin head arranged?

A

Point to the sides of the myofilament band

107
Q

What does the epimysium blend into?

A

Into a connective tissue attachment

108
Q

What are tendons?

A

Cord-like structures, mostly collagen fibers

109
Q

What are aponeuroses?

A

Sheet-like structures

110
Q

What is the function of aponeuroses?

A

Attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings

111
Q

What do tendons do to a joint and why?

A

Often cross a joint due to toughness and small size

112
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Resistant to fatigue

- Continuous, rhythmic activity

113
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

All-or-none (‘twitch’)

114
Q

What controls the contraction of cardiac muscle?

A

Pacemaker cells

115
Q

What type of innervation is involved in cardiac muscle?

A

Involuntary - the parasympathetic nervous system

116
Q

What type of conduction occurs in cardiac innervation?

A

Electrical conduction (Purkinje fibres and gap junctions)

117
Q

What are cardiocytes?

A

Cardiac muscle cells

118
Q

What do cardiocytes contain?

A

Contain myofibrils = striated

119
Q

Where do cells contact each other in cardiocytes?

A

At intercalated discs

120
Q

What are the cells in cardiocytes bound together by?

A
  • Gap junctions

- Desmosomes

121
Q

What type of nuclei is present in smooth muscle?

A

Central nuclei

122
Q

Strength of smooth muscle

A

Weaker

123
Q

What type of innervation is present in smooth muscle?

A

– Involuntary (autonomic innervation)
– Dual (stimulatory/inhibitory)
– Graded, spreading & continuous contraction

124
Q

Describe multi-unit smooth muscle

A

– each cell innervated

– variable force

125
Q

Describe single-unit smooth muscle

A

– few cells directly innervated

– synchronous contraction (myogenic)

126
Q

Give two examples of multi-unit smooth muscle

A
  • Airways

- Large arteries

127
Q

Give two examples of single-unit smooth muscle

A
  • Gut

- Uterus

128
Q

What is smooth muscle composed of?

A
  • Thick filaments

- Thin filaments

129
Q

Give system locations of smooth muscle

A 
– cardiovascular system (vessel walls)
– respiratory system
– digestive system
– urinary system
– reproductive system
– Inside the eyes
130
Q

What type of contractile apparatus is present in smooth muscle?

A

Little/weak contractile apparatus

131
Q

What type of cells are present in smooth muscle?

A

Long, slender, spindle shaped cells

132
Q

Is smooth muscle striated or nonstriated?

A

Nonstriated

133
Q

What is the body location of skeletal muscle?

A

Attached to bones or, some facial muscles to skin

134
Q

What is the body location of cardiac muscle?

A

Walls of the heart

135
Q

What is the body location of smooth muscle?

A

Mostly in walls of hollow visceral organs (not heart)

136
Q

What is the cell shape and appearance of skeletal muscle?

A

Single, very long cyclindrical multinucleate cells with very obvious striations

137
Q

What is the cell shape and appearance of cardiac muscle?

A

Branching chains of cells; uninucleate, striations; intercalated discs

138
Q

What is the cell shape and appearance of smooth muscle?

A

Single, fusiform, uninucleate, no striations

139
Q

What are the connective tissue components of skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium, perimysium and endomysium

140
Q

What are the connective tissue components of cardiac muscle?

A

Endomysium attached to the fibrous skeleton of the heart

141
Q

What are the connective tissue components of smooth muscle?

A

Endomysium

142
Q

What is involved in the regulation of contraction in skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary; via nervous system controls

143
Q

What is involved in the regulation of contraction in cardiac muscle?

A

Involuntary; the heart has a pacemaker; also nervous system controls; hormones

144
Q

What is involved in the regulation of contraction in smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary; nervous system controls; hormones, chemicals, stretch

145
Q

Is there rhythmic contraction involved in skeletal muscle?

A

No

146
Q

Is there rhythmic contraction involved in cardiac muscle?

A

Yes

147
Q

Is there rhythmic contraction involved in smooth muscle?

A

Yes, in some

148
Q

What are the cells in skeletal muscle?

A

Myoblast mesodermal cells

Physiology (28 decks)

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