THERIO - Reproductive Disorders Stud Dogs Flashcards
The ____ phase of testicular descent is controlled by Ins13 and Lgr8.
The ____ phase is androgen dependent.
_____ days after birth (dogs) the _____ shrinks and the pressure from the abdominal organs push the testis through the inguinal ring.
The ___ regresses and becomes the ____. The testes are in their final position by day ___ of life in dogs.
Transabdominal
Inguinal-scrotal
3-4 days after birth; gubernaculum shrinks
Gubernaculum becomes the scrotal ligament; final position day 35
What is Cryptorchidism?
What is its prevalence?
Which is more common, unilateral or bilateral?
Where can the testis be retained?
Is it heritable?
Disorder of sex development in male dogs in which descent of one or both testes in the scrotum does not occur by six months of age.
Prevalence very variable 1-11%
Unilateral more common
Prescrotal subQ area, inguinal area, or abdomen
Yes - genes responsible for testicular descent are autosomal and can be carried by both males and females
Other congenital defects with increased frequency in cryptorchid males:
*I
*U
*H
*P
*P
Inguinal hernia
Umbilical hernia
Hip dysplasia
Patellar luxation
Penile/preputial defects
Cryptorchidism - Breed Disposition
What size dogs are at increased risk?
Small breed dogs (<9.1kg) at increased risk
Risk in smaller counterpart within a breed (toy) also higher
Cryptorchidism - Consequences
Due to abnormal _______ the abdominal testes are at risk of developing neoplasms such as ___ and ___.
Approximately 70% of ____ arising in the abdominal testes are functional and are associated with ____ syndrome.
The prevalence of _____ is higher in dogs than in any other mammalian species.
Another consequence is ____.
thermoregulation, Sertoli cell tumors, seminomas
Sertoli cell tumors, feminization
Testicular tumors
Spermatic cord torsion
Cryptorchidism - Impact on Fertililty
Histologically, diameter of _______ reduced by up to 60%.
Spermatogonia may be present, but there is no _____.
Are retained testes capable of steroidogenesis?
Can achieve erection but have poor ____ or ____ in bilateral cryptorchid dogs.
What is the quality of semen in unilateral cryptorchid dogs?
Seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis
Yes, capable of steroidogenesis
Poor semen quality; azospermia in bilateral cryptorchid dogs
Unilateral cryptorchid dogs - semen of varying quality
Cryptorchidism - Diagnosis
_______
_______
_______ to differentiate castrated vs bilateral cryptorchid dogs
Palpation
Ultrasound
AMH evaluation
Cryptorchidism - Treatment
1.
2.
These are NO!
1.
2.
3.
- Castration
- laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy
NO!
Orchipexy, GnRH, physical pulling
The prostate is palpable transrectally until what age?
Then what happens?
After 10 years of age what happens?
4-5 years
It goes completely in the abdomen
>10 years old atrophies with subsequent repositioning in the caudal aspect
In males, _____ increases with age and ____ decreases.
Estrogen induces _______ resulting in stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation.
What condition is related to this process?
Testosterone decreases, estrogen increases
Estrogen induces increased androgen receptors
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Clinical Signs
Majority of dogs are ____.
*T/C
*S
*H
*H
*D
Asymptomatic
Tenesmus/constipation - flat feces
Sanguineous prostatic fluid dripping from prepuce
Hematospermia
Hematuria
Dysuria
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Diagnostics
*U
*C
*T
*P
*S
*C
Ultrasound
Canine Prostate Specific Esterase
Transrectal palpation
Prostatic fluid cytology
Sperm morphology
Contrastography of urethra
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Reactive Oxidant Species accumulation in dogs
Increase number of spermatozoa with ____
Increase in _____ sperm
Decrease in ____ activity
Fragmented DNA
Morphologically abnormal
Mitochondrial
If not possible to collect semen, what can you do to evaluate prostatic fluid?
What procedure is most diagnostic for concerns of the prostate?
Prostatic massage
Prostatic FNA
Intra-op prostatic biopsy
Three consequences of benign prostatic hyperplasia
*P
*P
+/- P
Prostatitis
Prostatic abscess
+/- prostatic neoplasia
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Treatments
Antiandrogens:
Progestins:
Antiestrogens:
GnRH agonists:
Antiandrogens:
Finesteride - testosterone not inhibited
Osaterone acetate - NO IN USA
Progestins:
Medroxyprogesterone acetate - can induce DM and mammary tumors so not used
Delmadinone acetate - NO IN USA
Antiestrogens:
Tamoxifen - decrease in prostatic volume, testicular size, sperm motility/morphology, libido, T2; reverts post tx
GnRH agonists:
Deslorin acetate - NO IN USA
DFDX for benign prostatic hyperplasia
*S
*B
*P
*P
*T
Squamous metaplasia
Bacterial prostatitis
Prostatic abscess
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
Acute and Chronic Prostatitis
Most commonly _____.
Ascending infection from ____.
______ spread/extension from testes/epididymis/peritoneal cavity can occur.
70% of cases are _____.
Predispositions:
Most common causative agent:
Bacterial
Urinary tract
Hematogenous
Single organism
Increased bacteria in urethra, urinary disease, altered prostatic tissue/fluid
E. Coli most common causative agent
Clinical signs of acute bacterial prostatitis:
Leukogram of acute bacterial prostatitis:
What else may be present?
Ultrasonography:
Systemic:
Pain, depression, anorexia, vomiting, fever, stiff gait, prostate painful on palpation
May have Neutrophilia with left shift and toxic changes
Mild to severe UTI may be present
Diffuse enlargement of prostate +/- small cysts
Dogs may become septic and develop life-threatening multi-organ systemic disease
Acute bacterial prostatitis - TX
___ may be used to decrease prostate size during initial tx.
To prevent recurrence, ____ is needed after infection is eliminated.
ABX TX should be a minimum of ___.
ABX can freely enter ____.
Once inflammation subsides, the ____ will return and ABX must be chosen with that in mind.
Finasteride
Castration
4-6 weeks
Severely inflamed prostate
Prostate-blood barrier
Chronic bacterial prostatitis
____ has been found in 24% of dogs dying of unrelated diseases.
It can be a cause of ____ with the same pathogen persisting.
Clinical signs:
Prostate may be _____ and non-painful on palpation.
Suspicion when analysis of prostate fluid shows ____ and bacterial culture reveals ____.
Asymptomatic, sub-clinical chronic bacterial prostatitis
Recurrent UTI
CS: persistent penile discharge, dysuria, hematuria, fever, anorexia, abdominal pain, rear limb lameness, stiff gait, back pain
Normal size, shape, consistency
Suppurative inflammation, single organism
Chronic bacterial prostatitis - DX
Pros/cons of FNA:
What can be seen with rads?
Ultrasound may show what?
FNA can provide important confirmation of inflammation and infection, but concern about bacterial seeding exists.
Rads: can see mineralization of prostate
U/S: may show mixed echogenicity of the prostate in either a focal or diffuse pattern
Chronic bacterial prostatitis - TX
ABX must pass blood-prostate barrier.
Blood-prostate barrier permits access only to _____.
pH of prostate is ____ than the blood.
Duration of ABX TX:
Best ABX:
Others:
Recheck:
Consider _____.
RX:
Lipophilic drugs and those NOT highly bound to proteins
Prostate more acidic than blood
4-6 weeks of ABX
Enrofloxacin = best
Erythromycin, chloramphenicol, TMS, Ciprofloxacin
Recheck culture 7-10 days after initiating tx and 30 days P conclusion
Consider castration
FINASTERIDE
Prostatic abscess is clinically similar to ____.
DX based on:
TX same as for ____ plus _____.
FNA risk:
Continuous drainage by ____.
Preferred method of drainage:
After infection is controlled, ____ is needed.
Acute bacterial prostatitis
Transrectal palpation, ultrasound, prostatic fluid analysis, evidence of systemic inflammation
Acute prostatitis; drainage of abscess
U/S guided FNA useful but risk leakage into abdomen; abscess may not resolve
Continuous drainage by marsupialization
Drainage during celiotomy and omentalization preferred method
Castration
