THERIO - Reproductive Disorders Stud Dogs

Question 1

The ____ phase of testicular descent is controlled by Ins13 and Lgr8.

The ____ phase is androgen dependent.

_____ days after birth (dogs) the _____ shrinks and the pressure from the abdominal organs push the testis through the inguinal ring.

The ___ regresses and becomes the ____. The testes are in their final position by day ___ of life in dogs.

Answer 1

Transabdominal

Inguinal-scrotal

3-4 days after birth; gubernaculum shrinks

Gubernaculum becomes the scrotal ligament; final position day 35

Question 2

What is Cryptorchidism?
What is its prevalence?
Which is more common, unilateral or bilateral?
Where can the testis be retained?
Is it heritable?

Answer 2

Disorder of sex development in male dogs in which descent of one or both testes in the scrotum does not occur by six months of age.

Prevalence very variable 1-11%

Unilateral more common

Prescrotal subQ area, inguinal area, or abdomen

Yes - genes responsible for testicular descent are autosomal and can be carried by both males and females

Question 3

Other congenital defects with increased frequency in cryptorchid males:

*I
*U
*H
*P
*P

Answer 3

Inguinal hernia
Umbilical hernia
Hip dysplasia
Patellar luxation
Penile/preputial defects

Question 4

Cryptorchidism - Breed Disposition

What size dogs are at increased risk?

Answer 4

Small breed dogs (<9.1kg) at increased risk
Risk in smaller counterpart within a breed (toy) also higher

Question 5

Cryptorchidism - Consequences

Due to abnormal _______ the abdominal testes are at risk of developing neoplasms such as ___ and ___.

Approximately 70% of ____ arising in the abdominal testes are functional and are associated with ____ syndrome.

The prevalence of _____ is higher in dogs than in any other mammalian species.

Another consequence is ____.

Answer 5

thermoregulation, Sertoli cell tumors, seminomas

Sertoli cell tumors, feminization

Testicular tumors

Spermatic cord torsion

Question 6

Cryptorchidism - Impact on Fertililty

Histologically, diameter of _______ reduced by up to 60%.
Spermatogonia may be present, but there is no _____.
Are retained testes capable of steroidogenesis?
Can achieve erection but have poor ____ or ____ in bilateral cryptorchid dogs.
What is the quality of semen in unilateral cryptorchid dogs?

Answer 6

Seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis
Yes, capable of steroidogenesis
Poor semen quality; azospermia in bilateral cryptorchid dogs
Unilateral cryptorchid dogs - semen of varying quality

Question 7

Cryptorchidism - Diagnosis

_______
_______
_______ to differentiate castrated vs bilateral cryptorchid dogs

Answer 7

Palpation
Ultrasound
AMH evaluation

Question 8

Cryptorchidism - Treatment

1.
2.

These are NO!
1.
2.
3.

Answer 8

1. Castration
2. laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy

NO!
Orchipexy, GnRH, physical pulling

Question 9

The prostate is palpable transrectally until what age?
Then what happens?
After 10 years of age what happens?

Answer 9

4-5 years
It goes completely in the abdomen
>10 years old atrophies with subsequent repositioning in the caudal aspect

Question 10

In males, _____ increases with age and ____ decreases.
Estrogen induces _______ resulting in stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation.
What condition is related to this process?

Answer 10

Testosterone decreases, estrogen increases
Estrogen induces increased androgen receptors
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Question 11

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Clinical Signs

Majority of dogs are ____.

*T/C
*S
*H
*H
*D

Answer 11

Asymptomatic

Tenesmus/constipation - flat feces
Sanguineous prostatic fluid dripping from prepuce
Hematospermia
Hematuria
Dysuria

Question 12

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Diagnostics

*U
*C
*T
*P
*S
*C

Answer 12

Ultrasound
Canine Prostate Specific Esterase
Transrectal palpation
Prostatic fluid cytology
Sperm morphology
Contrastography of urethra

Question 13

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Reactive Oxidant Species accumulation in dogs

Increase number of spermatozoa with ____
Increase in _____ sperm
Decrease in ____ activity

Answer 13

Fragmented DNA
Morphologically abnormal
Mitochondrial

Question 14

If not possible to collect semen, what can you do to evaluate prostatic fluid?

What procedure is most diagnostic for concerns of the prostate?

Answer 14

Prostatic massage
Prostatic FNA
Intra-op prostatic biopsy

Question 15

Three consequences of benign prostatic hyperplasia
*P
*P
+/- P

Answer 15

Prostatitis
Prostatic abscess
+/- prostatic neoplasia

Question 16

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Treatments

Antiandrogens:

Progestins:

Antiestrogens:

GnRH agonists:

Answer 16

Antiandrogens:
Finesteride - testosterone not inhibited
Osaterone acetate - NO IN USA

Progestins:
Medroxyprogesterone acetate - can induce DM and mammary tumors so not used
Delmadinone acetate - NO IN USA

Antiestrogens:
Tamoxifen - decrease in prostatic volume, testicular size, sperm motility/morphology, libido, T2; reverts post tx

GnRH agonists:
Deslorin acetate - NO IN USA

Question 17

DFDX for benign prostatic hyperplasia

*S
*B
*P
*P
*T

Answer 17

Squamous metaplasia
Bacterial prostatitis
Prostatic abscess
Prostatic adenocarcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 18

Acute and Chronic Prostatitis

Most commonly _____.
Ascending infection from ____.
______ spread/extension from testes/epididymis/peritoneal cavity can occur.
70% of cases are _____.
Predispositions:
Most common causative agent:

Answer 18

Bacterial
Urinary tract
Hematogenous
Single organism
Increased bacteria in urethra, urinary disease, altered prostatic tissue/fluid
E. Coli most common causative agent

Question 19

Clinical signs of acute bacterial prostatitis:

Leukogram of acute bacterial prostatitis:

What else may be present?

Ultrasonography:

Systemic:

Answer 19

Pain, depression, anorexia, vomiting, fever, stiff gait, prostate painful on palpation

May have Neutrophilia with left shift and toxic changes

Mild to severe UTI may be present

Diffuse enlargement of prostate +/- small cysts

Dogs may become septic and develop life-threatening multi-organ systemic disease

Question 20

Acute bacterial prostatitis - TX

___ may be used to decrease prostate size during initial tx.
To prevent recurrence, ____ is needed after infection is eliminated.

ABX TX should be a minimum of ___.
ABX can freely enter ____.
Once inflammation subsides, the ____ will return and ABX must be chosen with that in mind.

Answer 20

Finasteride
Castration
4-6 weeks
Severely inflamed prostate
Prostate-blood barrier

Question 21

Chronic bacterial prostatitis

____ has been found in 24% of dogs dying of unrelated diseases.

It can be a cause of ____ with the same pathogen persisting.

Clinical signs:

Prostate may be _____ and non-painful on palpation.

Suspicion when analysis of prostate fluid shows ____ and bacterial culture reveals ____.

Answer 21

Asymptomatic, sub-clinical chronic bacterial prostatitis

Recurrent UTI

CS: persistent penile discharge, dysuria, hematuria, fever, anorexia, abdominal pain, rear limb lameness, stiff gait, back pain

Normal size, shape, consistency

Suppurative inflammation, single organism

Question 22

Chronic bacterial prostatitis - DX

Pros/cons of FNA:
What can be seen with rads?
Ultrasound may show what?

Answer 22

FNA can provide important confirmation of inflammation and infection, but concern about bacterial seeding exists.

Rads: can see mineralization of prostate

U/S: may show mixed echogenicity of the prostate in either a focal or diffuse pattern

Question 23

Chronic bacterial prostatitis - TX

ABX must pass blood-prostate barrier.
Blood-prostate barrier permits access only to _____.
pH of prostate is ____ than the blood.
Duration of ABX TX:
Best ABX:
Others:
Recheck:
Consider _____.
RX:

Answer 23

Lipophilic drugs and those NOT highly bound to proteins
Prostate more acidic than blood
4-6 weeks of ABX
Enrofloxacin = best
Erythromycin, chloramphenicol, TMS, Ciprofloxacin
Recheck culture 7-10 days after initiating tx and 30 days P conclusion
Consider castration
FINASTERIDE

Question 24

Prostatic abscess is clinically similar to ____.
DX based on:
TX same as for ____ plus _____.
FNA risk:
Continuous drainage by ____.
Preferred method of drainage:
After infection is controlled, ____ is needed.

Answer 24

Acute bacterial prostatitis
Transrectal palpation, ultrasound, prostatic fluid analysis, evidence of systemic inflammation
Acute prostatitis; drainage of abscess
U/S guided FNA useful but risk leakage into abdomen; abscess may not resolve
Continuous drainage by marsupialization
Drainage during celiotomy and omentalization preferred method
Castration

Question 25

Semen collection and evaluation

3 Fractions:
3 Characteristics:

Answer 25

Pre-sperm fraction (.5 - 5.0 cc)
Sperm-rich fraction (1- 4 cc)
Prostatic fluid fraction (2.5 - 80 cc)

Color, volume, odor

Question 26

Why test ALP with breeding soundness concerns?

Answer 26

Produced by the epididymus

Question 27

Causes of azoospermia - three categories

Answer 27

Pre-testicular
Hypothalamic or pituitary etiology

Non-obstructive
Anabolic steroid administration or toxin exposure

Obstructive
Primary ciliary dyskinesia or reproductive tract abnormalities

Question 28

Only test alkaline phosphatase with breeding concerns in which two species?

ALP is a dephosphorylatitng enzyme active in ____.

ALP activity used clinically as an ejaculatory marker to differentiate ___.

Answer 28

Stallions and dogs
Bones, liver, kidney, intestine, lung, and placenta
Azoospermia or oligospermia from ejaculatory failure
< 2500 IU/L failure to ejaculate
> 5000 IU/L confirmation of ejaculation

Question 29

Reverse ejaculation (?) - TX

____ is a sympathomimetic amine (a-adrenergic) with a structure similar to ephedrine and epinephrine.

____ (4-8 mg/kg SID 5 days before collection) increased urethral pressure and reduced number of sperm voided into bladder during ejaculation

Answer 29

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) or norephedrine

Phenylpropanolamine