THERIO - Infectious Disease Flashcards
Vaginitis
*Prepubertal or mature bitches; rare in ____.
*Usually due to ____, which may be secondary to conformational abnormalities such as vestubulovaginal strictures.
*May also be caused by:
*Clinical signs
Rare in queens
Usually due to bacterial infection
Viral infection (canine herpesvirus), vaginal foreign bodies, neoplasia, hyperplasia of the vagina, androgenic steroids (mibolerone), or intersex conditions
Vulvar discharge, licking of the vulva
Attraction of males
Frequent micturition
NO systemic illness
Normal CBC/Chem - DFDX open-cervix pyometra
Vaginitis - DX and TX
Digital examination of vagina
Vaginoscopy
Cytology
Culture of exudate significant only if ____.
+/- abdominal rads or ultrasound
___ may respond to local tx (vaginal douches)
___ may be needed for persistent infections
Juvenile vaginitis usually resolves after _____.
Vaginitis - DX and TX
Digital examination of vagina
Vaginoscopy
Cytology
Culture of exudate significant only if heavy growth of one organism.
+/- abdominal rads or ultrasound
Bacterial infection may respond to local tx (vaginal douches)
Systemic, broad-spectrum, bactericidal may be needed for persistent infections
Juvenile vaginitis usually resolves after the first estrus.
______ is increasing in North America due to importation of infected breeding dogs and semen.
Brucella canis
Brucella canis is a gram-_______ _______ coccobacillus.
Intracellular or extracellular?
Is it zoonotic?
Is it reportable?
Gram negative
Aerobic
Intracellular
Zoonotic
Reportable in WA
Brucella canis
Enters through ____, ____, or _____ mucosa.
Phagocytosis by ____ and ____ (ineffective killing).
Spreads to ____ lymph nodes.
Cell-associated ___ 6-36 months.
Multiplies and persists in ___, ___, ____ and causes __, __, ___.
Spreads to ____ lymph nodes.
- Pregnant females: ___ -> ____ -> ____
- Adult males: ___ -> ____ -> ____
Conjunctiva, oronasal mucosa, or genital mucosa
Macrophages and neutrophils
Regional lymph nodes
Bacteremia
Liver, spleen, lymph nodes; discospondylitis, uveitis, glomerulonephritis
Genital tract regional lymph nodes
- Pregnant females: uterus ->infertility, abortion, weak puppies -> vaginal discharge
- Adult males: epididymis and prostate -> epididymitis, or hit is, testis atrophy, sperm agglutination, infertility -> semen and urine shedding
Brucella canis - Transmission and Clinical Signs
What kinds of transmission?
Adult dogs:
Fertility signs:
Other signs:
Horizontal and vertical transmission
- congenital infection
- coitus (most common)
- feeding milk to puppies
- mm of aborted fetuses, placenta, vaginal discharge, semen, urine
Adult dogs rarely seriously ill; fever uncommon
Subfertility, early embryonic death, abortion, teratozoospermia, or hit is
Discospondylitis, lymphadenomegaly, lameness
Brucella canis - Early Embryonic Death and Abortion
Before ____ days gestation: early embryonic death, conception failure, subfertility
_____ days gestation: abortion, stillbirth (less common), weak pups (very rare)
Some bitches may have normal fertility afterwards with intermittent periods of ____.
Before 20 days
45-55 days
Subfertility
Brucella canis - Puppies
Your clinic may be presented with pups born to _____ or in ____.
Puppies may die ____ or seem healthy but _____.
Infected puppies shed B. Canis for ____ and can infect _____.
Puppies can become clinically infected after ____.
Pups should be ____; discuss ____ if test positive.
Born to infected females or in infected facilities
May die shortly after birth or seem healthy even though infected
Shed for several months and can infect other dogs and humans
Can become clinically infected after puberty
Should be tested; discuss culling if test positive
Brucella canis - Male Dogs
_____ : licking scrotum, scrotal edema, scrotal asymmetry
_____: less commonly seen; abscess formation and necrosis; sperm agglutination 3-4 months post infection, reduced motility/abnormal morphology
______
Epididymitis (acute phase)
Orchitis
Prostatitis
Legislation for importation of dog semen
Varies according to country
Category 1 - no regulations
Category 2 - only import permit
Category 3 - import permit, veterinary health certificate
Category 4 - import permit, health certificate, serologic test for lepto and/or Brucella canis
Brucella canis - Treatment and Control
Is treatment recommended?
Spay/neuter a solution?
Long-term medications?
Other option?
Under supervision of ____
Treatment NOT recommended
Spay/neuter NOT the solution
Tetracycline + streptomycin or Enrofloxacin long term
Euthanasia
Under supervision of State Vet
Brucella canis - Summary
Before breeding:
In problem kennels:
New additions to kennel:
Test male and female serologically; any positive dog should be tested again to confirm
Serological tests for all dogs every 3 months for surveillance
- remove confirmed positives and quarantine the rest
- lift quarantine once all dogs negative every 3 months for 3 consecutive tests
Place in isolation until Brucella canis testing complete
- test once a month for 3 months
- if all negative can be added to gen pop
- any positive warrants additional testing
- remove confirmed negatives
Canine Herpesvirus 1
____-herpesvirus
Persistent infection in _____
Can be _____
Transmission: ___
___% of dogs are + for herpesvirus due to past exposure
Alpha
Lymph nodes
Latent
Venereal, vertical, aerosol
80%
Canine Herpesvirus 1 - Pathophysiology
In utero/transplacental infection —>
Puppies less than 2 weeks old —>
Puppies >2 weeks old and adult dogs —>
In utero —> fetal death, mummification, birth of dead and live-born puppies
Puppies <2 weeks —> viremia —> generalized infection: replication in vascular endothelium; vasculitis with necrosis and secondary hemorrhage in several organs —> survival with residual lesions in CNS/eyes or neonatal death.
Puppies >2 weeks, adults —> asymptomatic or respiratory infections, genital lesions, and ocular diseases —> latency —> reactivation from stress, pregnancy, immune suppression
Canine Herpesvirus 1 - Affected Age Group
Which animals show clinical signs?
Which animals can still become infected but have lighter symptoms?
Infected during ___.
First 2 weeks of age = death occurs ____ - why?
Younger, naive animals
Older, naive animals
Infected during pregnancy
3-7 days after clinical signs because of lack of ability to thermoregulate
*able to thermoregulate at 3-4 weeks old
Canine Herpesvirus 1 - Clinical Signs
*R
*L
*E
*A
*N
*S
*G
Respiratory signs
Low litter size
Embryo resorption - infertility
Abortion (2-3 weeks after exposure)
Neonatal death (3-4 weeks old)
Stillbirth
Genital lesions
Pathognomonic of herpes virus infection at necropsy:
Multifocal hemorrhage in all visceral organs
Including lung, liver and kidney
Petechiae and ecchymoses in the kidneys are commonly referred to as “turkey egg kidney”
Canine Herpesvirus 1 - DX
*Intranuclear inclusion bodies in ____.
Petechiation
Necrotic areas of ____.
*Paired ____
*Virus ____
*__ __ __
Liver, spleen, kidney
Necrotic areas of placenta
Paired titer serology
Virus isolation
PCR
Canine Herpesvirus 1 - Control Measures
Prevent ____ during last four weeks of gestation and first four weeks of life in the neonate.
Avoid ___, isolation of the bitch from any other dog.
Prevent exposure of _____.
No ___.
No exposure of puppies to ____.
Vaccine available in ____. Very effective; at breeding and before parturition.
Prevent reactivation
Avoid crowded places
Prevent exposure of other dogs in some kennel
No new animals
No exposure of puppies to novel animals
Vaccine available in Europe, Australia
Canine Herpesvirus 1 - TX
Only ____ treatments
___% of puppies still die
Only symptomatic tx
90%
Pyometra is infection of the uterus characterized by ____.
Misdiagnosis can lead to ___.
It is relatively common in _____.
Accumulation of purulent fluid
Death of the patient
Older, intact bitches and queens
Pyometra - Pathogenesis
Exact pathogenesis?
____ syndrome
Often correlated with ____
Often ___
* exogenous _____ therapy for mismating
* ___________ therapy for estrus suppression
Exact pathogenesis is unknown
Multifactor syndrome
Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia
Iatrogenic
- exogenous estrogen therapy for mismating
- progesterone therapy for estrus suppression
70% ______ bacteria normally present in feces and vagina
Aerobic
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