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Y3 SPRING > THERIO - Infectious Disease > Flashcards

THERIO - Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Vaginitis

*Prepubertal or mature bitches; rare in ____.
*Usually due to ____, which may be secondary to conformational abnormalities such as vestubulovaginal strictures.
*May also be caused by:
*Clinical signs

A

Rare in queens

Usually due to bacterial infection

Viral infection (canine herpesvirus), vaginal foreign bodies, neoplasia, hyperplasia of the vagina, androgenic steroids (mibolerone), or intersex conditions

Vulvar discharge, licking of the vulva
Attraction of males
Frequent micturition
NO systemic illness
Normal CBC/Chem - DFDX open-cervix pyometra

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2
Q

Vaginitis - DX and TX

Digital examination of vagina
Vaginoscopy
Cytology
Culture of exudate significant only if ____.
+/- abdominal rads or ultrasound

___ may respond to local tx (vaginal douches)
___ may be needed for persistent infections
Juvenile vaginitis usually resolves after _____.

A

Vaginitis - DX and TX

Digital examination of vagina
Vaginoscopy
Cytology
Culture of exudate significant only if heavy growth of one organism.
+/- abdominal rads or ultrasound

Bacterial infection may respond to local tx (vaginal douches)
Systemic, broad-spectrum, bactericidal may be needed for persistent infections
Juvenile vaginitis usually resolves after the first estrus.

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3
Q

______ is increasing in North America due to importation of infected breeding dogs and semen.

A

Brucella canis

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4
Q

Brucella canis is a gram-_______ _______ coccobacillus.

Intracellular or extracellular?

Is it zoonotic?

Is it reportable?

A

Gram negative
Aerobic
Intracellular
Zoonotic
Reportable in WA

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5
Q

Brucella canis

Enters through ____, ____, or _____ mucosa.
Phagocytosis by ____ and ____ (ineffective killing).
Spreads to ____ lymph nodes.
Cell-associated ___ 6-36 months.
Multiplies and persists in ___, ___, ____ and causes __, __, ___.
Spreads to ____ lymph nodes.
- Pregnant females: ___ -> ____ -> ____
- Adult males: ___ -> ____ -> ____

A

Conjunctiva, oronasal mucosa, or genital mucosa
Macrophages and neutrophils
Regional lymph nodes
Bacteremia
Liver, spleen, lymph nodes; discospondylitis, uveitis, glomerulonephritis
Genital tract regional lymph nodes
- Pregnant females: uterus ->infertility, abortion, weak puppies -> vaginal discharge
- Adult males: epididymis and prostate -> epididymitis, or hit is, testis atrophy, sperm agglutination, infertility -> semen and urine shedding

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6
Q

Brucella canis - Transmission and Clinical Signs

What kinds of transmission?
Adult dogs:
Fertility signs:
Other signs:

A

Horizontal and vertical transmission
- congenital infection
- coitus (most common)
- feeding milk to puppies
- mm of aborted fetuses, placenta, vaginal discharge, semen, urine

Adult dogs rarely seriously ill; fever uncommon
Subfertility, early embryonic death, abortion, teratozoospermia, or hit is
Discospondylitis, lymphadenomegaly, lameness

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7
Q

Brucella canis - Early Embryonic Death and Abortion

Before ____ days gestation: early embryonic death, conception failure, subfertility

_____ days gestation: abortion, stillbirth (less common), weak pups (very rare)

Some bitches may have normal fertility afterwards with intermittent periods of ____.

A

Before 20 days
45-55 days
Subfertility

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8
Q

Brucella canis - Puppies

Your clinic may be presented with pups born to _____ or in ____.

Puppies may die ____ or seem healthy but _____.

Infected puppies shed B. Canis for ____ and can infect _____.
Puppies can become clinically infected after ____.
Pups should be ____; discuss ____ if test positive.

A

Born to infected females or in infected facilities

May die shortly after birth or seem healthy even though infected

Shed for several months and can infect other dogs and humans

Can become clinically infected after puberty

Should be tested; discuss culling if test positive

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9
Q

Brucella canis - Male Dogs

_____ : licking scrotum, scrotal edema, scrotal asymmetry

_____: less commonly seen; abscess formation and necrosis; sperm agglutination 3-4 months post infection, reduced motility/abnormal morphology

______

A

Epididymitis (acute phase)

Orchitis

Prostatitis

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10
Q

Legislation for importation of dog semen

A

Varies according to country
Category 1 - no regulations
Category 2 - only import permit
Category 3 - import permit, veterinary health certificate
Category 4 - import permit, health certificate, serologic test for lepto and/or Brucella canis

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11
Q

Brucella canis - Treatment and Control

Is treatment recommended?
Spay/neuter a solution?
Long-term medications?
Other option?
Under supervision of ____

A

Treatment NOT recommended
Spay/neuter NOT the solution
Tetracycline + streptomycin or Enrofloxacin long term
Euthanasia
Under supervision of State Vet

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12
Q

Brucella canis - Summary

Before breeding:

In problem kennels:

New additions to kennel:

A

Test male and female serologically; any positive dog should be tested again to confirm

Serological tests for all dogs every 3 months for surveillance
- remove confirmed positives and quarantine the rest
- lift quarantine once all dogs negative every 3 months for 3 consecutive tests

Place in isolation until Brucella canis testing complete
- test once a month for 3 months
- if all negative can be added to gen pop
- any positive warrants additional testing
- remove confirmed negatives

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13
Q

Canine Herpesvirus 1

____-herpesvirus
Persistent infection in _____
Can be _____
Transmission: ___
___% of dogs are + for herpesvirus due to past exposure

A

Alpha
Lymph nodes
Latent
Venereal, vertical, aerosol
80%

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14
Q

Canine Herpesvirus 1 - Pathophysiology

In utero/transplacental infection —>

Puppies less than 2 weeks old —>

Puppies >2 weeks old and adult dogs —>

A

In utero —> fetal death, mummification, birth of dead and live-born puppies

Puppies <2 weeks —> viremia —> generalized infection: replication in vascular endothelium; vasculitis with necrosis and secondary hemorrhage in several organs —> survival with residual lesions in CNS/eyes or neonatal death.

Puppies >2 weeks, adults —> asymptomatic or respiratory infections, genital lesions, and ocular diseases —> latency —> reactivation from stress, pregnancy, immune suppression

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15
Q

Canine Herpesvirus 1 - Affected Age Group

Which animals show clinical signs?
Which animals can still become infected but have lighter symptoms?
Infected during ___.
First 2 weeks of age = death occurs ____ - why?

A

Younger, naive animals
Older, naive animals
Infected during pregnancy
3-7 days after clinical signs because of lack of ability to thermoregulate

*able to thermoregulate at 3-4 weeks old

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16
Q

Canine Herpesvirus 1 - Clinical Signs

*R
*L
*E
*A
*N
*S
*G

A

Respiratory signs
Low litter size
Embryo resorption - infertility
Abortion (2-3 weeks after exposure)
Neonatal death (3-4 weeks old)
Stillbirth
Genital lesions

17
Q

Pathognomonic of herpes virus infection at necropsy:

A

Multifocal hemorrhage in all visceral organs
Including lung, liver and kidney

Petechiae and ecchymoses in the kidneys are commonly referred to as “turkey egg kidney”

18
Q

Canine Herpesvirus 1 - DX

*Intranuclear inclusion bodies in ____.
Petechiation
Necrotic areas of ____.

*Paired ____
*Virus ____
*__ __ __

A

Liver, spleen, kidney
Necrotic areas of placenta

Paired titer serology
Virus isolation
PCR

19
Q

Canine Herpesvirus 1 - Control Measures

Prevent ____ during last four weeks of gestation and first four weeks of life in the neonate.

Avoid ___, isolation of the bitch from any other dog.

Prevent exposure of _____.

No ___.

No exposure of puppies to ____.

Vaccine available in ____. Very effective; at breeding and before parturition.

A

Prevent reactivation
Avoid crowded places
Prevent exposure of other dogs in some kennel
No new animals
No exposure of puppies to novel animals
Vaccine available in Europe, Australia

20
Q

Canine Herpesvirus 1 - TX

Only ____ treatments
___% of puppies still die

A

Only symptomatic tx
90%

21
Q

Pyometra is infection of the uterus characterized by ____.

Misdiagnosis can lead to ___.

It is relatively common in _____.

A

Accumulation of purulent fluid
Death of the patient
Older, intact bitches and queens

22
Q

Pyometra - Pathogenesis

Exact pathogenesis?

____ syndrome

Often correlated with ____

Often ___
* exogenous _____ therapy for mismating
* ___________ therapy for estrus suppression

A

Exact pathogenesis is unknown
Multifactor syndrome
Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia
Iatrogenic
- exogenous estrogen therapy for mismating
- progesterone therapy for estrus suppression

23
Q

70% ______ bacteria normally present in feces and vagina

A

Aerobic

24
Q

SLIDE 26

A
25
Q

Pyometra

Most common CS
Pyometra - CS

  • V
  • D
  • D
  • P

Other CS
* V
* D
* N
* A

Septic cases may present with elevated heart rate, increased respiratory rate, and red/dark MM.

A

Most common CS
* Vaginal discharge
* Depression
* Decreased appetite
* PUPD

Other CS
* Vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Nocturia
* Abdominal enlargement

Septic cases may present with elevated heart rate, increased respiratory rate, and red/dark MM.

26
Q

Pyometra - What to ask

  1. S
  2. A
  3. A
  4. P
  5. B
A

Spayed?
Age?
Stage of the cycle?
Previous litters?
Breed?

27
Q

Pyometra - Incidence

____ bitches
____ years old (only 12% less than 6 years old)
____-parous
58% in ______
Breed disposition: Rough collie, Rottweiler, CKCS, Bernese Mountain Dog, Golden Retriever, Saint Bernard, Chow

A

Intact
8-9
Nulliparous
Diestrus

28
Q

Pyometra - Diagnostics

  • P
  • A
  • V
  • C
  • U
  • R
A
  • Physical exam
  • Abdominal palpation - CAUTION!
  • Vaginal discharge cytology and culture
  • CBC
  • Ultrasound
  • Radiographs
29
Q

Pyometra - Diagnostic Results

CBC:
High ____ counts of 30k or more
____ with a left shift and toxic neutrophils
Mild, ___, ___ anemia
* up to ___% of cases have normal leukograms

Chem:
_______
Elevated proteins and ____
+/- elevated ____, ____
_____ disturbances

Vaginal discharge cytology:
Degenerative _____ and ____

A

CBC
High leukocyte counts of 30k or more
Neutrophilia with a left shift and toxic neutrophils
Mild normocytic, normochromic anemia
Up to 25% of cases have normal leukograms

Chemistry
Azotemia
Elevated protein and globulins
+/- elevated ALT, ALP
Electrolyte disturbances

Vaginal discharge cytology
Degenerative polymorphonuclear cells and bacteria

30
Q

What do you see?

A

I see pyometra

31
Q

Pyometra - Surgical treatment

Routine ____
Uterus may be ____
Warm, sterile saline flush if ____
RX:

A

Routine OHE approach
Uterus may be friable and prone to rupture
Warm, sterile saline flush if fluid leakage
Antibiotics

32
Q

Pyometra - Medical TX

ONLY IF
____ pyometra
____ importance
Not _____
Patient no more than ____ years old

ABX based on ____ 4-6 weeks
____ therapy
____ therapy

A

ONLY IF
Open pyometra
Genetic importance
Not systemically ill
Patient no older than 6 years old

ABX based on culture 4-6 weeks
Prostaglandin therapy
Dopamine agonist therapy

33
Q

Pyometra - Prostaglandin Therapy

_____ or _____
Cause ______ and ______

____ protocol (off label) dogs

Side effects:

Start with ____ ug/kg; continued dosage depends on _____

If no response after 2-3 days with higher dose —>

A

Dinoprost tromethamine or cloprostenol
Cause luteolysis, uterine contractions

PGF2a protocol (off label) Dogs
10-250 ug/kg dinoprost
1-5 ug/kg cloprostenol

Side effects: anxiety, vomiting, tachypnea, and tachycardia

Start with 50 ug/kg; continued dosage depends on side effects/sensitivity

If no response after 2-3 days with higher dose —> OVH

34
Q

Pyometra - Dopamine agonist therapy

______ 5 mg/kg OS SID
______ 25 mg/kg OS BID
Causes _____.

A

Cabergoline 5mg/kg OS SID
Bromocriptine 25 mg/kg OS BID
Causes luteolysis

35
Q

Aglepriston (RU534) is a ______ ______ ______ not available in the United States.

A

P4 receptor antagonist

36
Q

Pyometra - Prevention

Pathology may recur during next cycles so it is necessary to prevent infection by:

A

Administering antibiotics at the beginning of estrus

37
Q

Pyometra - Emergency: _____

Stabilize:
Short acting ______
____ abx
+/- ______
RUN to ______

A

IV fluids and oxygen
Corticosteroids
Broad spectrum abx
NSAIDs
Surgery

Y3 SPRING (40 decks)

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