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Y3 SPRING > THERIO - Breeding Management & Disorders Of Estrous > Flashcards

THERIO - Breeding Management & Disorders Of Estrous Flashcards

1
Q

What is unique to the canine reproductive cycle?

A

The only mammal that has a rise in progesterone before ovulation due to preovulatory luteinization of the follicles

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2
Q

What can progesterone assays estimate?

A

When ovulation will occur

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3
Q

What procedure helps determine the stage of the cycle and the first day of diestrus?

A

Vaginal cytology

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4
Q

What does trans abdominal ultrasonography help evaluate?

A

The stage of the cycle

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5
Q

Serum progesterone concentrations (ng/mL)

LH surge:
Ovulation:
Fertilization period:

A

LH surge 2.0
Ovulation 4-10
Fertilization period 12-16

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6
Q

How long does the canine oocyte take to mature?

A

48 hours

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7
Q

How long does semen last in the reproductive tract?

Fresh:
Chilled:
Frozen:

A

Fresh 7-11 days
Chilled 3-5 days
Frozen 24 hours; inseminate in uterus as close as possible to oocyte maturation

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8
Q

Six types of cells that typify vaginal cytology

A

Parabasal
Intermediate
Superficial cornfield
Anuclear cornfield

Neutrophils
RBCs

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9
Q

Considerations for canine breeding management

A

Goals
Medical history (m/f)
Reproductive history (m/f)
Physical condition (m/f)
Management, environment, care
Immunization, parasite control, brucellosis screening
Breeder’s experience and knowledge
Plan for breeding management

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10
Q

Evaluate bitch roughly _____ days after the beginning of proestrus.

A

4-5 days

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11
Q

When is blood drawn for the progesterone assay?

A

When vaginal cytology reaches 60% cornification

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12
Q

Good is drawn for progesterone assay every 3-5 days until _____.

A

Suggestive of LH surge (2 ng/mL) or ovulation (4-10 ng/mL)

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13
Q

Optimal breeding timing post-ovulation

Natural cover or AI with fresh/chilled semen:
Frozen thawed semen:

A

Natural cover with fresh/chilled semen: 2 days post ovulation
Two inseminations at two and four days post ovulation

Frozen thawed semen must be introduced when oocytes are mature; 3-5 days post ovulation

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14
Q

What are three alternatives to natural cover?

A

Fresh collected side-by-side artificial insemination
Insemination with chilled shipped semen
Insemination with frozen-thawed semen

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15
Q

Pregnancy rates with intravaginal insemination of chilled shipped semen:

A

60-95%

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16
Q

Insemination with frozen-thawed semen requires ____ insemination.

A

Intrauterine insemination

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17
Q

Describe the three fractions of semen.

A

1st - clear fluid (0.5 - 7+ mL)
2nd - white, opaque fluid / sperm rich (0.5 - 2 mL)
3rd - clear, primarily prostatic (5 - 30 mL)

18
Q

What does semen evaluation include?

A

Volume, color, appearance of each fraction
Total number of spermatozoa in ejaculate
Motility
Morphology

*CASA enhances precision and accuracy

19
Q

Definition of infertility
6 categories

A

Inability to conceive and produce a viable offspring in a specific timeframe

  1. Failure to have an estrous cycle
  2. Prolonged inter-estrus cycle
  3. Short inter-estrus interval
  4. Prolonged proestrus/estrus
  5. Failure to conceive/early reabsorption
  6. Failure to breed
20
Q

Causes of primary anestrus

A

Congenital causes - ovarian aplasia, disorder sex development

Silent heat or inadequate estrus detection
- increase surveillance
- consider estrus induction

Stress related

21
Q

Causes of secondary anestrus

A

Hormones - progestagens, mibolerone

Luteal cysts

Metabolic disorders - hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s)

Stress related

22
Q

Three types of drugs for inducing estrus

A

Dopamine agonist - Cabergoline, Bromocriptine
GnRH agonist
Gonadotropins - LH, FSH

23
Q

What are two side effects of dopamine agonists?

A

Coat color changes and vomiting

Ex: cabergoline, bromocriptine

24
Q

Three types of abnormal interestrus intervals

A

Prolonged interestrus interval
Shorter interestrus interval
Persistent estrus

25
Q

What constitutes a prolonged interestrus interval?

A

> 10 months

26
Q

Possible causes of prolonged inter-estrus interval

A

Breed (Basenji and hybrids)
Silent or missed heat
Ovarian neoplasia
Underlying illness
Functional ovarian cysts

27
Q

What constitutes a short interestrus interval?

A

< 4 months

28
Q

What are split heats?

A

Estrous that starts with normal follicular development and estrogen secretion but fails to progress to ovulation.

As a result the heat behavior returns in 1-10 weeks

The second heat is commonly associated with ovulation and is fertile

More common in bitches experiencing their first or second cycle

29
Q

Possible causes of prolonged/persistent proestrus/estrus

A

Follicular cysts: not common in bitches (OVH or GnRH?)
Granulosa Theca cell tumors
Exogenous estrogens

30
Q

Ovarian / follicular cyst DFDX

A

Paraovaric cysts / epoophoron
- hormone inactive
- old bitches

31
Q

Ovarian cysts / follicular cysts

Size:
Cause:
Location:
Number:
DX:

A

Size: 1+ cm diameter
Cause: LH defecit
Location: unilateral
Number: single or multiple
DX: ultrasound

32
Q

What constitutes a normal interestrus interval?

A

5-6 months

33
Q

Infertility in the face of a normal interestrus cycle can be due to:

A

Inappropriate breeding management
Early resorption / abortion
Infectious causes
Physical abnormalities / inability to breed

34
Q

What are the most common isolates of uterine infections in female dogs?

What is the only bacteria proven to cause infertility / uterine pathology?

A

Pasteurella multocida
Beta hemolytic streptococci
E. coli
Mycoplasma

Brucella canis is the only bacteria proven to cause infertility / uterine pathology

35
Q

What are some causes of failure to conceive / early resorption?

A

Inappropriate breeding management
Uterine infections
Hypoluteoidism
Reproductive tract occlusion
Systemic illness

36
Q

Possible causes of failure to breed

A

Breeding mismanagement
Behavioral aspects
Physical abnormalities

37
Q

Examples of physical abnormalities that may lead to failure to breed

A
  • Incomplete fusion of Müllerian ducts
  • Incomplete hymen perforation resulting in annular ring/vertical band
  • Hypoplasia
  • Imperfect joining of the genital folds to the genital swelling resulting in pronounced stricture of vaginal vault
  • Vaginal hyperplasia / prolapse is typical of young bitches under estrogen influence (proestrus/estrus)
38
Q

Vaginal leiomyoma ?

A

?

39
Q

Disorders of sexual development ?

A

?

40
Q

Examples of behavioral complaints

A

Urine marking
Agression
Lack of libido
Masturbation
Mounting

Y3 SPRING (40 decks)

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