AG MED - Hematopoietic Disorders 3 Flashcards
Water intoxication
Massive water intake causes _______ of body fluid and ______ of RBCs.
Often seen in ________.
Sudden decrease in _______.
Hypotonicity of body fluid; hemolysis of RBCs
Milk-reared calves when they are first given access to unlimited water
Osmolality
Clinical signs of water intoxication
Neuro signs - depression, convulsions, coma
Respiratory distress
Red urine
Death
Water intoxication clin path and DX
Hemolytic anemia
** hemoglobinuria
Hyposthenuria
Marked hyponatremia
Water intoxication - TX
Temporarily restrict water intake
Supportive care
Calves with Na < 110 mmol/L that are exhibiting neuro signs
- hypertonic saline, mannitol, corticosteroids
Restore Na to 120-125 mmol/L without overcorrection
Etiology of post-parturient hemoglobinemia
Occurrence:
Seen in:
Development of signs:
Sporadically occurring and low incidence
High producing multiparous cows
First month after calving
Post-parturient hemoglobinemia pathophysiology
Very similar to ____.
____________________
Brassica spp and onion - oxidative stress
Hypophosphatemia
- major factor in developing RBC lysis
- impairs Na/K pump yielding increased fragility and decreased ATP production in RBC
- intravascular hemolysis
- copper and selenium deficiency
Clinical signs of post-parturient hemoglobinemia
Depression, decreased feed consumption, and decreased milk production
Icterus
Dark red to port wine colored urine - hemoglobinuria
Tachycardia/tachypnea
Pica
Ketosis
Post-parturient hemoglobinemia clin path and DX
Hemoglobinuria
Anemia
- Heinz bodies
- erythropoietic response after 4-5 days
Low serum phosphorus
Post-parturient hemoglobinemia TX
Blood transfusion and supportive fluids
Correct hypophosphatemia
- Phosphate PO4 (not hypophosphite)
Oral phosphate salts - 200g monosodium phosphate
Correct dietary imbalance
Slow recovery
Three types of depression anemia
Nutritional deficiency
- iron
- copper
- cobalt, folate and vitamin B
Anemia of chronic disease
Anemia secondary to bone marrow dysplasia/dysfunction - Aplastic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia most often seen with:
Sources of iron:
Chronic blood loss
Parasites
Bleeding GI lesions
Hemostatic defects
Forage and grains
Colostrum
Soil, dam’s feces and milk
Iron deficiency anemia clin path and DX
Low PCV with normal protein
Low hemoglobin, MCV, MCHC
Abnormal RBC morphology
- echinocytosis, keratocytosis, schistocytosis, acanthocytosis, ovalocytosis, hypoferritinemia, hypoferremia
Iron deficiency anemia TX
Correct causes for chronic blood loss
Oral iron-ferrous sulfate - red cell
Parenteral iron
- iron dextran for use ONLY IN PIGLETS
Copper deficiency resembles _____.
Primary vs secondary:
Iron deficiency
Primary - milk-fed animals or pastured in copper deficient areas
Secondary - trace mineral imbalances
- excess molybdenum
- sulfur and zinc content in diet
Clinical signs of copper deficiency
Reduced growth rate
Rough and depigmented hair
Diarrhea
Osteoporosis with spontaneous fractures
Anemia
Enzootic ataxia in lambs
Copper deficiency clin path and DX
Anemia
- slow and progressive
- microcytic, hypochromic
Bone marrow
- copper transports iron from gut to bone marrow and into heme
- intracellular accumulation of iron called sideroblasts
DX
- ceruloplasmin (serum Cu)
- liver, kidney levels
What are these?
Intracellular accumulation of iron called sideroblasts
Copper deficiency tx
Mineral supplements
Oral copper oxide needles
Cu injections - Multimin
Cobalt, folate, and Vit B12 play a role in _________.
Cobalt deficiency leads to ______ and is associated with ______.
Many enzymatic pathways and protein and energy metabolism
Deficiencies in folate and B12; development of anemia in ruminants and horses
Clinical signs of cobalt/folate/B12 deficiency
Ill thrift
Weight loss
Poor growth
Anemia
Cobalt, folate, B12 clin path and dx
Cobalt or B12 analysis in blood or tissues
Anemia - macrocytic to normocytic; normochromic
Cobalt, folate, B12 deficiency TX
Vitamin injections
Increase/add cobalt to diet
What causes depression anemia?
Disturbance in iron metabolism
Anemia also due to decrease in circulating RBC lifespan
Depressed bone marrow response
Anemia of chronic disease clin path and DX
Slowly progressive, mild anemia
Non-responsive anemia
Inflammatory indications
- neutrophilic leukocytosis and monocytosis
- elevated fibrinogen, TP, globulins
