AG MED - Hematopoietic Disorders 3

Question 1

Water intoxication

Massive water intake causes _______ of body fluid and ______ of RBCs.

Often seen in ________.

Sudden decrease in _______.

Answer 1

Hypotonicity of body fluid; hemolysis of RBCs

Milk-reared calves when they are first given access to unlimited water

Osmolality

Question 2

Clinical signs of water intoxication

Answer 2

Neuro signs - depression, convulsions, coma
Respiratory distress
Red urine
Death

Question 3

Water intoxication clin path and DX

Answer 3

Hemolytic anemia
** hemoglobinuria
Hyposthenuria
Marked hyponatremia

Question 4

Water intoxication - TX

Answer 4

Temporarily restrict water intake

Supportive care

Calves with Na < 110 mmol/L that are exhibiting neuro signs
- hypertonic saline, mannitol, corticosteroids

Restore Na to 120-125 mmol/L without overcorrection

Question 5

Etiology of post-parturient hemoglobinemia

Occurrence:
Seen in:
Development of signs:

Answer 5

Sporadically occurring and low incidence
High producing multiparous cows
First month after calving

Question 6

Post-parturient hemoglobinemia pathophysiology

Very similar to ____.
____________________

Answer 6

Brassica spp and onion - oxidative stress

Hypophosphatemia
- major factor in developing RBC lysis
- impairs Na/K pump yielding increased fragility and decreased ATP production in RBC
- intravascular hemolysis
- copper and selenium deficiency

Question 7

Clinical signs of post-parturient hemoglobinemia

Answer 7

Depression, decreased feed consumption, and decreased milk production
Icterus
Dark red to port wine colored urine - hemoglobinuria
Tachycardia/tachypnea
Pica
Ketosis

Question 8

Post-parturient hemoglobinemia clin path and DX

Answer 8

Hemoglobinuria

Anemia
- Heinz bodies
- erythropoietic response after 4-5 days

Low serum phosphorus

Question 9

Post-parturient hemoglobinemia TX

Answer 9

Blood transfusion and supportive fluids
Correct hypophosphatemia
- Phosphate PO4 (not hypophosphite)
Oral phosphate salts - 200g monosodium phosphate
Correct dietary imbalance
Slow recovery

Question 10

Three types of depression anemia

Answer 10

Nutritional deficiency
- iron
- copper
- cobalt, folate and vitamin B

Anemia of chronic disease

Anemia secondary to bone marrow dysplasia/dysfunction - Aplastic anemia

Question 11

Iron deficiency anemia most often seen with:

Sources of iron:

Answer 11

Chronic blood loss
Parasites
Bleeding GI lesions
Hemostatic defects

Forage and grains
Colostrum
Soil, dam’s feces and milk

Question 12

Iron deficiency anemia clin path and DX

Answer 12

Low PCV with normal protein
Low hemoglobin, MCV, MCHC
Abnormal RBC morphology
- echinocytosis, keratocytosis, schistocytosis, acanthocytosis, ovalocytosis, hypoferritinemia, hypoferremia

Question 13

Iron deficiency anemia TX

Answer 13

Correct causes for chronic blood loss
Oral iron-ferrous sulfate - red cell
Parenteral iron
- iron dextran for use ONLY IN PIGLETS

Question 14

Copper deficiency resembles _____.

Primary vs secondary:

Answer 14

Iron deficiency

Primary - milk-fed animals or pastured in copper deficient areas

Secondary - trace mineral imbalances
- excess molybdenum
- sulfur and zinc content in diet

Question 15

Clinical signs of copper deficiency

Answer 15

Reduced growth rate
Rough and depigmented hair
Diarrhea
Osteoporosis with spontaneous fractures
Anemia
Enzootic ataxia in lambs

Question 16

Copper deficiency clin path and DX

Answer 16

Anemia
- slow and progressive
- microcytic, hypochromic

Bone marrow
- copper transports iron from gut to bone marrow and into heme
- intracellular accumulation of iron called sideroblasts

DX
- ceruloplasmin (serum Cu)
- liver, kidney levels

Question 17

What are these?

Answer 17

Intracellular accumulation of iron called sideroblasts

Question 18

Copper deficiency tx

Answer 18

Mineral supplements
Oral copper oxide needles
Cu injections - Multimin

Question 19

Cobalt, folate, and Vit B12 play a role in _________.

Cobalt deficiency leads to ______ and is associated with ______.

Answer 19

Many enzymatic pathways and protein and energy metabolism

Deficiencies in folate and B12; development of anemia in ruminants and horses

Question 20

Clinical signs of cobalt/folate/B12 deficiency

Answer 20

Ill thrift
Weight loss
Poor growth
Anemia

Question 21

Cobalt, folate, B12 clin path and dx

Answer 21

Cobalt or B12 analysis in blood or tissues
Anemia - macrocytic to normocytic; normochromic

Question 22

Cobalt, folate, B12 deficiency TX

Answer 22

Vitamin injections
Increase/add cobalt to diet

Question 23

What causes depression anemia?

Answer 23

Disturbance in iron metabolism
Anemia also due to decrease in circulating RBC lifespan
Depressed bone marrow response

Question 24

Anemia of chronic disease clin path and DX

Answer 24

Slowly progressive, mild anemia
Non-responsive anemia
Inflammatory indications
- neutrophilic leukocytosis and monocytosis
- elevated fibrinogen, TP, globulins

Question 25

Anemia of chronic disease - TX

Answer 25

Treat underlying cause of inflammation

Question 26

Aplastic anemia
- _______ disorder
- reflects alterations in ______

-

Answer 26

Stem cell disorder
Other cells - neutropenia or thrombocytopenia

Neoplasia
Drugs or toxins
- phenylbutazone
- brackenfern
- chloramphenicol

Question 27

Aplastic anemia DX

Answer 27

HX

Clinical findings
- anemia, pancytopenia, hemorrhage with thrombocytopenia

Bone marrow analysis
- bone marrow hypoplasia; replaced by fat

Question 28

Aplastic anemia - TX

Answer 28

Remove animal from suspect cause

Supportive care
- broad spectrum ABX
- rare blood transfusion
- platelet transfusion if see bleeding episodes