Theories Relating To The Learning Of Movement Skills Flashcards
What is performance?
Execution of a specific motor skill which can be seen and measured. It is an indicator of learning
What is learning?
A permanent change in behaviour
What is habit?
A well learned automatic response
What is operant conditioning?
Stimulus is presented by a coach that replicates a sport situation
Learner uses trail and error to respond
Correct response is positively reinforced, strengthening the S-R bond
Incorrect response is not reward by coach
Repetition of correct response so it becomes habitual
Behaviour is modified and shaped gradually in small steps and incorrect responses disappear
How can operate conditioning contribute to the learning of positive behaviours associated with a BAHL
Positive reinforcement for correct response which strengths S-R bond
When benefits are seen such as improving body, shape, reinforcement is much more likely
Education and medical advice
Role models are much more likely to modify behaviour
What is the cognitive theory?
Learners given a problem in the context of a realistic situation
Learners consider problem as a whole in a realistic situation
Learners perceive their environment an use intelligence, current knowledge and past experience to find a solution.
Learners also use intervening variables such as mental rehearsal and reminiscence to gain an understanding of the problem
Insight learning occurs through thinking about the problem as a whole and responding to it. Gestalt philosophy
What factors can affect perception?
Experience
Type of performer
Confidence
How can cognitive theory be applied to encourage a healthy lifestyle?
Learner decided what they need go do
Consequences
What is bandura’s model of observational learning?
Demonstration given by coach
The performer selectively attends to the important aspects of the demonstration
The Learner needs to remember the demonstration
The learner must be capable of performing the skill or match the demonstration
The learner must have drive and want to learn the skill
How can a coach ensure that the learner is attending to the important aspects of the demonstration?
Key
Kings highlighted with the use of verbal guidance to detect the learners attention to important aspects of the demo
Demo should be given by a role model of high status to the learner who will draw focus onto the demo
How can a coach ensure that the learner has remembered the important aspects of the demo?
Repetition of the demonstration will assist memory
Use of catch phrases will aid memory
How can a coach ensure that the learner is able to match the demo?
Coach needs to ensure that the learner is physically capable of performing the skill
Coach needs to ensure that the learner has the mental capacity to understand the skill
How can a coach ensure that the learner is motivated to learn the skill being demonstrated?
Coach use praise and positive reinforcement to encourage drive to copy the model
Example of attention
Pointing out the importance of the elbow coming out of the stet first in the front crawl
Capable of learning the skill example
A pass in football and when it needs to be used
What is an S-R bond?
A link or connection that is made between a stimulus and the response made by the stimulus
Stimulus of a golf ball with the response being to hit the ball and get it in the hole
What is positive reinforcement?
A coach will give approval after a successful response to a stimulus in the form of praise or another satisfier such as a stimulus
This strengths the s-R bond and ensures repetition of the desired behaviour
How can positive reinforcement ensure repetition?
Self esteem of the performer will have traded and they will be motivated to repeat the desired action
Examples of positive reinforcement
Giving tangible rewards
Coach can show the results or benefits of the desired outcomes
Coach can ensure that the practiced are fun and enjoyable
Coach can educate the performer of the effects of the desired outcome using role models
Problem of positive reinforcement
Too much praise and rewards given lose motivation effects
If praise is given to incorrect behaviour then an incorrect S-R learning bond will be formed
What is negative reinforcement?
Weakening an undesired S-R learning bond
When a performer gives an undesired response to a stimulus the coach will give disapproval of an annoyer until the correct response is given
When performer produces the desired behaviour the annoyer is withdrawn
This leads to a strengthening of the correct S-R learning bond
Examples of negative reinforcement
Using criticism
Withdrawn praise or reward
Pain can act as an annoyer
Problems with negative reinforcement
Not good for cognitive performers- can de motivate and reduce confidence because it can de motivate and reduce confidence
No reasons given by the coach for removal of rewards can lead to frustration
What is the law of effect?
If behaviour is reinforced than the learning bond is strengthened
This can be done through positive reinforcement or presentation of a satisfier
Negatives of law of effect
Lack of enjoyment will weaken the S-R learning bond
Failure will also hinder learning
Example of law of effect
A netball coach giving praise for a correct chest pass
What is law of exercise?
S-R learning bond will be strengthening by practice and repaired reinforcement
Negatives of law of exercise
Tiredness or information overload will weaken the S-R learning bond
A lack of practice will weaken the S-R learning bond
What is law of readiness?
If reinforcement is to strengthen the S-R learning bond the performer must be physically and mentally capable of performing the skill
Negatives of law of readiness?
If the learner is too going or immature to perform the skill then this may hinder learning
Law of exercise example
Practicing a basketball free throw and a coach giving praise
Give an example of a law of readiness
Using armbands with swimmers in the deep end so they can float
