Motivation And Arousal Flashcards
What is motivation?
The drive to learn and perform well. It is described as the direction and intensity of behaviour
What are the two components of motivation?
Direction of behaviour
The intensity of behaviour- effort
What is direction of behaviour?
Motivated/ aroused to join activities, attend practice
Linked to state of arousal activation
What is the Intensity of behaviour- effort?
Refers to the amount of emotional energy shown by the individual
What is internal motivation?
Take part for its own sake
Fun and enjoyment
Pride, satisfaction, self esteem
Much longer lasting
What is external motivation?
Tangible- trophy, badge, certificate, money
Intangible- praise from peers, coach fame
Advantages of external motivation
Useful or novice performers as it may encourage sustained participation by the performer in a particular activity
Allow the performer to see tangible evidence of their improvement thus increase self confidence
Negatives of extrinsic motivation
Proportional relationship to effort
If there are no extrinsic rewards then little effort will be given thus delaying the learning process
How long should extrinsic motivation be used for?
Should be used in the initial stages of the learning process
Intrinsic motivation should be positively encouraged by teacher or coach at all times
Those who are intrinsically motivated are most likely to continue with participation and sustained effort because they are participating for enjoyment, self realisation and personal satisfaction, not just reward
How can we motivate people to learn?
Progression: evident u are getting better
Role models: +vet role models to motivate to continue to take part
Attainable targets: achievable but attainable- pride and satisfaction if you achieve
Social experience: +be relationships
Transfer of skills: increases self confidence which motivated them to take part
Education: educate people on the benefits of BAHL
Punishment: avoid, don’t want to experience pain
Positive and negative reinforcement: raised self confidence, criticism
Intrinsic and extrinsic rewards: encourages pride and self esteem, extrinsic raises self confidence, visible success
Taster sessions: encouraging through enjoyable sessions
What is arosual
The degree of physiological or psychological readiness or activation. This varied on a continuum from deep sleep to intense excitement
What is somatic or physiological arousal?
Changing state of the body
Sweating, increased HR
What is cognitive or psychological arousal?
Changing state of the mind
Nervousness, anxiety
What is drive theory?
How you actually perform is a result of how aroused high are and how well you have learned the skill
What does the drive theory suggest?
The more aroused we are the more likely we are to produce our dominant response
What is a dominant response?
The behaviour or response that is most likely to be given by the performer
Drive theory process
An established motor programme is overlearned or grooved, becoming learned behaviour
When we are put under pressure we experience an increase in arousal Levels
Resulting behaviour will be the learned behaviour and this becomes our dominant response
Increased arousal results in a positive performance when
Dominant habit is well learned
Dominant habit is correct
Performer is autonomous
Increased arousal results in a negative performance when:
Dominant habit is poorly learned
Dominant habit is incorrect
Performer is cognitive / associative
Why would a cognitive performer learn best in low arousal?
Allows the performer to concentrate fully on the performance as this phase require lots of thought and concentration
Allows them to fully focus on the feedback being given by the teacher or flavin
High arousal: lots of mistakes
Why would an expert performer best in high arousal?
Skill required will have been overlearned resulting in a fluent and technically correct dominant Response
What is inverted U theory?
As arousal increase, so does performance but only to an optimal point or level
Inverted U theory stages
Low arousal: sub optimal performance. Golfer drives short
Moderate arousal: perfect stage where potential for leering is maximised, cue utilisation occurs also. This is different for each individual. This would be a golfer hitting the green
Over arousal: if arousal continues over optimum, performance will deteriorate. Performer becomes hyper vigilant. Golfer: technique incorrect and drive hit wide.
Individualism of inverted u theory
Modified depending on the personality of the performer and skill level of the performer as well as the nature of the task
What personality factors effect the optimum point of arousal?
Introverts
- quick to become aroused
Extroverts
- slow to become aroused
How can the type of task effect the optimum level of arosual?
Gross, simple and closed skills
Can all be completed in conditions of High arousal
Fine, complex and open skills
Best performed in conditions of low arousal
How can stage of learning effect the optimum point of arousal?
Cognitive and associative learners
Performer best in conditions of low arousal
Autonomous
Can performer well in conditions of High arousal
How can level of experience effect optimum point of arosual
Experienced performer: perform well in conditions of high arousal
Novice performer: need conditions of low arousal to perform well
What happens if a catastrophe drop occurs?
Performers need to take a time out to do some anxiety management/mental re-fo using
Return to previous levels of performance is difficult at this stage
What is the task or goal in drive reduction theory?
Desire to learn a new skill
What is action taken in drive reduction theory??
Drive to satisfy the need to learn
What is result of the drive reduction theory?
Skill is mastered and learning accomplished
Drive to continue to work at the skill is reduced
What is drive reduction theory?
States that motivation is lost when skill is over learned and the task becomes tedious
At this point, new targets and goals need to be set to re motivate the athlete
This emphasises the importance of the use of motivational strategies by coaches and teachers
