Theories of learning movement skills

Question 1

Explain what reinforcement helps the performer to do

Answer 1

It helps the performer to repeat the correct or desired response
Forms and strengthens the stimulus-response bond

Question 2

What are the three types of reinforcement?

Answer 2

Positive
Negative
Punishment

Question 3

Define positive reinforcement

Answer 3

The presentation of a pleasant stimulus(satisfier)to the performer after the desired response

Question 4

Give an example of positive reinforcement

Answer 4

Giving praise/a tangible reward for a high work rate in hockey

Question 5

Define negative reinforcement

Answer 5

The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus(annoyer)to the performer after an incorrect response (removal of punishment)

Question 6

Define punishment

Answer 6

The presentation of a very unpleasant(noxious)stimulus to the performer after an incorrect response

Question 7

Give an example of a punishment

Answer 7

Substituting the player or reprimanding them for using the wrong tactics in a hockey match

Question 8

Define operant conditioning

Answer 8

A method of learning that involves manipulating the environment to trigger the desired response
Learning by association or connection

Question 9

What does operant conditioning involve?

Answer 9

Manipulating the environment
Forming and strengthening the S-R bond
Positive reinforcement when outcome successful-strengthens S-R bond
Negative reinforcement when outcome unsuccessful-weakens S-R bond
Modifying behaviour through practice

Question 10

What is operant conditioning often known as?

Answer 10

Trial and error learning

Question 11

What are Thorndike’s Laws and which theory are they linked to?

Answer 11

Law of effect
Law of exercise
Law of readiness
Operant conditioning

Question 12

What is Thorndike’s law of effect and what does it involve?

Answer 12

Reinforcement or praise will strengthen the S-R and helps learning
Satisfaction felt by the performer is a form of positive reinforcement-strengthening the S-R bond
An annoyer or lack of pleasure felt by the performer- weakens S-R bond
EFFECTS THEIR AFFECT

Question 13

What is Thorndike’s law of exercise and what does it involve?

Answer 13

Repeating or practising the movement strengthens the S-R bond-helps learning-PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT
A lack of practice or reinforcement weakens the S-R bond

Question 14

What is Thorndike’s law of readiness and what does it involve?

Answer 14

The learner must have the maturity/physical/mental capability to perform to the skill before reinforcement can be used to strengthen the S-R bond/learning
If the learner is too young /immature/perceptually inexperienced so the skill cant be performed and this can weaken S-R bond/ hinder learning

Question 15

What is the cognitive learning theory known as?

Answer 15

Thought processes

Question 16

What is the cognitive learning theory?

Answer 16

Achieved most effectively when the learner is given the WHOLE PROBLEM to think about and solve
Insight of the sport needed to solve the problem

Question 17

What does the cognitive learning theory involve?

Answer 17

Coach giving the learner a whole problem to solve
The Gestalt approach to learning-considering problem as a whole not in parts
Optimising learning through THINKING
Perception
Intervening variables-aspects of problem borough together
Using past experiences to solve problem
Intuitive learning

Question 18

What is the observational learning theory known as?

Answer 18

The social learning theory

Question 19

What is the observational learning theory known for?

Answer 19

Learning best achieved by copying a good demonstration

Question 20

What does Bandura’s theory of observational learning state?

Answer 20

That 4 processes need to be in place before we can learn by copying a demonstration-these are attention,retention, motor reproduction,motivation

Question 21

What is attention explained as/involve?

Answer 21

Learner must focus on model
Verbal guidance-helps focus on key points
Role model/high status performer-holds attention

Question 22

What is retention explained as/involve?

Answer 22

Learner needs to remember the demonstration
Repetition of demo helps memory
Mental rehearsal-to help memory
Associating a ‘catch phase’-to help memory

Question 23

What is motor reproduction explained as/involve?

Answer 23

The learner must be able to perform the skill-the physical and mental capacity

Question 24

What is motivation explained as/involve?

Answer 24

The learner must want to copy the skill
Motivation to copy the skill increases if its relevant
Drive to copy increased if learner realises technique can be improved
Learners more willing to copy from models of same gender