Motivation and Arousal Flashcards
Define motivation
The drive, energy and effort an individual applies to achieve a goal
What are the 2 types of motivation?
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Define intrinsic motivation
The drive from within a person to perform a task/activity for its own sake - performance is driven by pursuit of personal satisfaction and challenge
Define extrinsic motivation
The drive to perform a task/activity in order to achieve a tangible reward - performance is driven by external factors
What are the uses and effects of intrinsic motivation?
Good for performers of all experiences
Success brings high level of personal satisfaction at all stages of learning
Helps the performer to set new goals which are personal to the individual
Leads to long lasting results
Tends to help performer sustain interest and continue participation
What are the uses and effects of extrinsic motivation?
Good for first time performer at cognitive stage of learning
Provides clear evidence of success often through tangible reward
Helps recipient gain status within peer group
Beneficial effectiveness is usually short lived
Tends to lose impact if the opportunity for reward is taken away
What are the 2 elements of motivation?
Intensity of behaviour (arousal)
Direction of behaviour (the response we make because of level of arousal)
Define arousal
Level of excitement that a person feels, or physiological and psychological readiness a person feels
What is the physiological arousal?
Example?
Somatic arousal which is physical
Eg. faster HR before match
What is the psychological arousal?
Example?
Cognitive anxiety
Eg. worry felt before match
What are the 3 effects of arousal?
Drive theory
Inverted U theory
Catastrophe theory
What is drive theory shown as in a formula?
B = H x D Behaviour = habit x drive
What is the relationship of the 2 parts like in drive theory?
A linear relationship/positive correlation between arousal and performance of the dominant response
(If incorrect response then arousal is low when performance of dominant response is high, then changes to high arousal when performance of dominant response is low)
What are the key points to know about drive theory?
Mention novices and experts
Novices are affected negatively and perform badly when their arousal is high - their dominant response is likely to be incorrect
Low levels of arousal best suit learners at cognitive and associative stages
High arousal inhibits performance of perceptual and fine motor skills for novices
Experts affected positively and perform well when their arousal is high - their dominant response is likely to be correct
High arousal benefits experts who like to be challenged
High arousal helps performance of dynamic skills eg. sprinting
What does drive theory consider?
The effect of somatic arousal on performance but not the influence of congnitive anxiety
Explain the inverted U theory
As arousal increases so does performance up to an optimum point (when arousal is moderate and at its highest.) Past the optimum point as arousal gets too high, performance gradually decreases
When is performance and capacity to learn best in inverted U theory?
Optimum point
What is the effect of under arousal in inverted U theory?
Performance will be below potential due to attentional broadening - performer doesn’t focus on relevant cues and doesn’t filter out irrelevant info causing overload of info
What does optimum arousal cause in inverted U theory?
Attentional field adjusts to ideal width - has positive effect on selective attention and cue - utilisation (ability to focus and act on appropriate cues). This maximises capacity to make fast and accurate decisions
What is the effect of over arousal in inverted U theory?
Performance will decline due to hyper vigilance and perceptual or attentional narrowing (performer over focused and filters out relevant cues causing panic). Leads to poor decision making
What 3 things determine the position of the optimum point in inverted U theory?
Task type
Personality
Skill level
What have lower optimum arousal levels in inverted U theory?
Complex or fine skills
Introverts
Novices
What or who have higher optimum arousal levels in inverted U theory?
Gross or simple skills
Extroverts
Autonomous
What does inverted U theory only consider?
The effect of somatic arousal on performance but not influence of cognitive anxiety
What does catastrophe theory consider?
Effect of both somatic arousal and cognitive anxiety
What happens in catastrophe theory?
If somatic arousal increases so does performance up to the optimum point, but only if cognitive anxiety is kept low
If high cognitive anxiety combines with high somatic arousal the performer goes beyond the optimal point
The performer loses concentration and there is a sharp decline in performance
What is performance like after the catastrophe in catastrophe theory?
If arousal is controlled (lowered) after the performer ‘goes over the edge’, performance can improve and the upward curve of arousal can be re-joined
If arousal continues to increase after the sharp drop in performance further deterioration will occur
