Motivation and Arousal

Question 1

Define motivation

Answer 1

The drive, energy and effort an individual applies to achieve a goal

Question 2

What are the 2 types of motivation?

Answer 2

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

Question 3

Define intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

The drive from within a person to perform a task/activity for its own sake - performance is driven by pursuit of personal satisfaction and challenge

Question 4

Define extrinsic motivation

Answer 4

The drive to perform a task/activity in order to achieve a tangible reward - performance is driven by external factors

Question 5

What are the uses and effects of intrinsic motivation?

Answer 5

Good for performers of all experiences
Success brings high level of personal satisfaction at all stages of learning
Helps the performer to set new goals which are personal to the individual
Leads to long lasting results
Tends to help performer sustain interest and continue participation

Question 6

What are the uses and effects of extrinsic motivation?

Answer 6

Good for first time performer at cognitive stage of learning
Provides clear evidence of success often through tangible reward
Helps recipient gain status within peer group
Beneficial effectiveness is usually short lived
Tends to lose impact if the opportunity for reward is taken away

Question 7

What are the 2 elements of motivation?

Answer 7

Intensity of behaviour (arousal)

Direction of behaviour (the response we make because of level of arousal)

Question 8

Define arousal

Answer 8

Level of excitement that a person feels, or physiological and psychological readiness a person feels

Question 9

What is the physiological arousal?

Example?

Answer 9

Somatic arousal which is physical

Eg. faster HR before match

Question 10

What is the psychological arousal?

Example?

Answer 10

Cognitive anxiety

Eg. worry felt before match

Question 11

What are the 3 effects of arousal?

Answer 11

Drive theory
Inverted U theory
Catastrophe theory

Question 12

What is drive theory shown as in a formula?

Answer 12

B = H x D
Behaviour = habit x drive

Question 13

What is the relationship of the 2 parts like in drive theory?

Answer 13

A linear relationship/positive correlation between arousal and performance of the dominant response
(If incorrect response then arousal is low when performance of dominant response is high, then changes to high arousal when performance of dominant response is low)

Question 14

What are the key points to know about drive theory?

Mention novices and experts

Answer 14

Novices are affected negatively and perform badly when their arousal is high - their dominant response is likely to be incorrect
Low levels of arousal best suit learners at cognitive and associative stages
High arousal inhibits performance of perceptual and fine motor skills for novices
Experts affected positively and perform well when their arousal is high - their dominant response is likely to be correct
High arousal benefits experts who like to be challenged
High arousal helps performance of dynamic skills eg. sprinting

Question 15

What does drive theory consider?

Answer 15

The effect of somatic arousal on performance but not the influence of congnitive anxiety

Question 16

Explain the inverted U theory

Answer 16

As arousal increases so does performance up to an optimum point (when arousal is moderate and at its highest.) Past the optimum point as arousal gets too high, performance gradually decreases

Question 17

When is performance and capacity to learn best in inverted U theory?

Answer 17

Optimum point

Question 18

What is the effect of under arousal in inverted U theory?

Answer 18

Performance will be below potential due to attentional broadening - performer doesn’t focus on relevant cues and doesn’t filter out irrelevant info causing overload of info

Question 19

What does optimum arousal cause in inverted U theory?

Answer 19

Attentional field adjusts to ideal width - has positive effect on selective attention and cue - utilisation (ability to focus and act on appropriate cues). This maximises capacity to make fast and accurate decisions

Question 20

What is the effect of over arousal in inverted U theory?

Answer 20

Performance will decline due to hyper vigilance and perceptual or attentional narrowing (performer over focused and filters out relevant cues causing panic). Leads to poor decision making

Question 21

What 3 things determine the position of the optimum point in inverted U theory?

Answer 21

Task type
Personality
Skill level

Question 22

What have lower optimum arousal levels in inverted U theory?

Answer 22

Complex or fine skills
Introverts
Novices

Question 23

What or who have higher optimum arousal levels in inverted U theory?

Answer 23

Gross or simple skills
Extroverts
Autonomous

Question 24

What does inverted U theory only consider?

Answer 24

The effect of somatic arousal on performance but not influence of cognitive anxiety

Question 25

What does catastrophe theory consider?

Answer 25

Effect of both somatic arousal and cognitive anxiety

Question 26

What happens in catastrophe theory?

Answer 26

If somatic arousal increases so does performance up to the optimum point, but only if cognitive anxiety is kept low
If high cognitive anxiety combines with high somatic arousal the performer goes beyond the optimal point
The performer loses concentration and there is a sharp decline in performance

Question 27

What is performance like after the catastrophe in catastrophe theory?

Answer 27

If arousal is controlled (lowered) after the performer ‘goes over the edge’, performance can improve and the upward curve of arousal can be re-joined
If arousal continues to increase after the sharp drop in performance further deterioration will occur