Theoretical foundations in nursing Flashcards
1
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a job or career
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occupation
2
Q
learned vocation or occupation
A
profession
3
Q
Characteristics of Disciplines
A
3
Q
distinctions between bodies of knowledge found in academic settings
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Discipline
4
Q
– Physics, Physiology, Sociology, Mathematics, History, Philosophy
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Academic Disciplines
4
Q
– Philosophy, Ethics, History, Fine Arts.
A
humanities
4
Q
Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Sociology, Anthropology are examples of?
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basic sciences
5
Q
Medicine, Law, Nursing, Social Work.
A
Professional Disciplines
6
Q
“know” and their priorities are descriptive in nature.
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Academic Disciplines
6
Q
are practical in nature, and their research tends to be more prescriptive and descriptive.
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Professional Disciplines
6
Q
“ways of knowing” is critical in the quest for development and application of theory in Nursing.
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Epistemology of nursing
7
Q
Science is concerned with casualty, which means
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cause and effect
8
Q
Scientific approach to understanding reality is characterized by:
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- Observation
- Verifiability
- Experience; hypothesis testing
- Experimentation
- Considered scientific methods.
8
Q
– concerned with the purpose of human life, nature of being, reality, theory and limits of knowledge.
A
Philosophy
9
Q
Intuition, Introspection, and reasoning are examples.
A
Philosophical Methodologies
10
Q
elements found in nature that do not relate to the totality of the individual.
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Natural Sciences
10
Q
science and philosophy share the common goal of increasing knowledge.
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‘Philosophical methodologies
11
Q
Science has been classified in several ways, namely;
A
- Pure of Basic Science
- Natural Science
- Human or Social Science
- Applied or Practice Science
11
Q
‘Science is both a _____ ____
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process and a product.’
12
Q
– Psychology, Anthropology, Sociology, and may even extend to economics and political science.
A
Human References
13
Q
Characteristics of Science:
A
- Science must show a certain coherence.
- Science is concerned with definite fields of knowledge.
- Science is preferably expressed in universal statements.
- The statements of science must be true or probably true.
- The statements of science must be logically ordered.
- Science must explain its investigations and arguments.
14
Q
concepts that structure the thought process of that discipline with the intent of recognizing and revealing with the intent of recognizing and revealing foundations and presuppositions.
A
Philosophy of a Discipline
15
Q
believe that reason is superior to experience as a source of knowledge.
A
Rationalists
16
Q
knowledge is relative and that the mind plays an active role in knowing.
A
Kant
16
– was an early empiricist. Like rationalists, he supported experimentation and scientific methods for solving problems.
Bacon
17
Branches of Philosophy are the following:
* Metaphysics
* Epistemology
* Logic
* Esthetics
* Ethics or Axiology
18
Three Philosophies of Science:
* Rationalism
* Empiricism
* Human Science / Phenomenology
19
Rationalism and Empiricism are often termed
received view
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– belief that what is experienced is what exists, and its knowledge base requires that these experiences be verified through scientific methodology.
Empiricism
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human science/phenomenology and related worldviews are considered
perceived view
21
– made to describe, explain, and predict phenomena in nature.
Theories
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* It emphasizes mathematical formulas to explain phenomena and prefers simple dichotomies and classification concepts.
Empiricism
22
must be operationalized in the form of prepositional statements, thereby making measurement possible.
Concepts
23
often equated with empiricism. Positivism aims to explain that complex can be best understood in terms of its basic components.
Positivism
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came under criticism in the 1960s when positivistic logic was deemed faulty.
Positivism
24
recognized only the logical and empirical bases of sciece and stated that there is no room for metaphysics, understanding, or meaning within the realm of science.
Logical Positivism
25
Several philosophers in the 1960s and 1970s challenged the positivist view by arguing that the influence of history on science should be emphasized.
Kuhn, Feyerben, and Toulmin,
25
‘The text stated that scientists relied heavily on experiments in a highly controlled artificial environments. This often leads to missing out information because the experiments didn’t reflect real life situations. To truly understand theories and explanations, they need to be looked at in the real context where they were discovered, not in an artificial setting.’
Positivism
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recognizes the perceptions of both the subject being studied and the researcher tend to de-emphasize reliance on strict control and experimentation in laboratory settings.
Interpretive View
27
‘Inquiry begins with individuals and their experiences with phenomena.’
Phenomenology
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– study of phenomena and emphasizes the appearance of things such as opposed to the things themselves.
Phenomenology
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approaches of the perceived view focus on understanding the actions of, and meaning to, individuals.
Constructivist
28
centers on descriptions, collectively lived experiences, interrelatedness, human interpretation, and learned reality, as opposed to artificially invented ( laboratory based ) reality.
Perceived View
28
has been described as a dominant scientific theoretical paradigm in nursing in the late 20th century.
Postmodernism
29
* The ultimate purpose of knowledge development is to
to improve nursing practice.
29
“a statement of foundational and universal assumptions, beliefs and principles about the nature of knowledge and thought ( epistemology ), and about the nature of the entities represented in the metaparadigm.”
Nursing Philosophy
29
Approaches to knowledge development have three facts:
* Ontology
* Epistemology
* Methodology
29
refers to the belief system or worldview of the profession and provides perspectives for practice, scholarship, and research.
Nursing Philosophy
29
is open, variable, and relativistic and based on human experience and personal interpretations.’
Phenomenology
30
began in Europe in the 1960s as a social movement centered on a philosophy that rejects the notion of a single “truth”
Postmodernism
31
‘Helps to establish the meaning of science through an understanding and examination of nursing, concepts, theories, laws, and aims as they relate to nursing practice.’
Philosophy of Science in Nursing
32
study of knowledge or ways of knowing.
Epistemology
32
– study of being: what is or what exists.
Ontology
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* The study of the theory of knowledge
Epistemology
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means the acquiring of knowledge.
Methodology
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– knowledge of the body in relation to physical movement.
* Somatic Knowledge
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includes feelings and hunches. It’s also not guessing but relies on unconscious pattern recognition and experience.
* Intuitive Knowledge
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– related to beauty, harmony, and expression.
* Esthetics
34
scientific form of knowing. It also comes from observation, testing, and replication.
* Empirics
34
seeking the presence of a higher power
* Metaphysical
35
knowledge gained from thought alone.
* Personal Knowledge
35
knowledge of what is right and wrong.
* Moral or Ethical Knowledge
36
the one who identified four fundamental patterns for nursing knowledge:
Carper (1978)
37
“the study of the origins of nursing knowledge, its structure and methods, the patterns of knowing of its members, and the criteria for validating its knowledge claims.”
Nursing Epistemology
38
the art of nursing,
* Esthetics
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the science of nursing,
* Empirics
40
knowledge in nursing
* Personal
41
moral knowledge in nursing.
* Ethics
42
is objective, abstract, generally quantifiable, exemplary, and hypothesis" discursively formulated, and verifiable.
Empirical knowledge
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is expressive, subjective, unique, and experiential rather than formal or descriptive. includes sensing the meaning of a moment.
Esthetic knowledge
43
‘It draws on traditional ideas that can be verified through observation and proved by hypothesis testing.’
Empirical knowledge
44
refers to the way in which nurses view themselves and the client.
Personal knowledge
45
Components of Personal knowledge:
* Incorporates experience
* Knowing
* Encountering
* Actualizing the self within the practice
* Personal maturity
* Freedom
* Spiritual
* Metaphysical forms of knowing
46
refers to the moral code for nursing and is based on obligation to service and respect for human life.
Ethics
47
address conflicting norms, interests, and principles and provide insight into areas that cannot be tested.
Ethics
48
Three patterns of knowledge:
* Clinical
* Conceptual
* Empirical
49
individual nurse’s personal knowledge.
Clinical knowledge
50
abstracted and generalized beyond personal experience.
Conceptual Knowledge
51
( giving people rights ) knowing refers to human’s ability to critically examine the current status quo and to determine why it currently exists.
Emancipatory
51
experimental, historical, or phenomenologic research and is used to justify actions and procedure in practice.
Empirical knowledge
52
In nursing, synthesis of theories derived from different sources of knowledge will:
1. Encourage the use of different types of knowledge in practice, education, theory development, and research.
2. Encourage the use of different methodologies in practice and research.
3. Make nursing education more relevant for nurses with different educational backgrounds.
4. Accommodate nurses at different levels of clinical incompetence.
5. Ultimately promote high-quality client care and client satisfaction.
53
, the investigator works towards solving problems and producing solutions for the problem.
applied research
53
A debate over methodology began in the 1980s
nurse scholars asserted that nursing’s ontology (what nursing is) was not sufficiently explored using quantitative methods in isolation.
54
‘The goal of _____is the attainment of knowledge.’
basic science
55
largely clinical and action oriented.
Practical Science
55
knowledge takes the form of descriptive theories regarding the structures, processes, relationships, and traditions that underlie psychological, social, and cultural aspects of reality
Human sciences
55
nursing requires research that is applied and clinical that generates tests theories related to health of human beings as well as the actions and processes used by nurses in practice.
Applied or practical science
55
____proposed that the human sciences require concepts, methods, and theories that are fundamentally different from those of the natura sciences.
Wilhelm Dilthey ( 1833 – 1911 )
56
sciences study human life by valuing the lived experience of persons and seek to understand life in its matrix of patterns of meaning and values.’
Human sciences
56
The purpose of research in human science is
to produce descriptions and interpretations to help understand the nature of human experience.
56
value the subjective component of knowledge. Thay recognize humans are not capable of total objectivity and embrace the idea of subjectivity.
Humanistic Scientists
56
objectifies and attempts to quantify experience and may test propositions or hypotheses in controlled experimentation.
Empiricism
56
______accept scientific knowledge is generated from systemic study.
Nursing Scholars
56
Two dominant forms of Scientific Inquiry
1. Empiricism
2. Phenomenology
57
– justified by its success in measuring, analyzing, replicating, and applying knowledge gained.
Quantitative Approach
57
– and other forms of qualitative research which study lived experiences and meanings of events
Phenomenology
57
according to_______ science should incorporate methodologic principles of objective observation/description, accurate measurement, quantification of variables, mathematical and statistical analysis, experimental methods, and verification through replication whenever possible.
Wolfer ( 1988 )
58
according to their haste to prove the credibility of nursing as a profession, nursing scholars have emphasized reductionism and empirical validation through quantitative methodologies, emphasizing hypothesis testing.
Kidd and Morrison ( 1988
58
what year were the nursing scientists were challenged to explain phenomena that defy quantitative measurement, and qualitative approaches emphasizing the importance of the client’s perspective began to be used in nursing research.
Beginning in the 1970s,
58
according to _____ the goal of nurse scientists is to conduct research to generate and test middle-range and situation-specific theories derived from nursing conceptual models and grand theories.
Fawcett (2020)
58
these guys believe that the two approaches may be considered complementary and appropriate for nursing as a researched based discipline.
Beck and Harrison (2016), Risjord (2010), and Wood and Haber (2018)
