Theoretical foundations in nursing Flashcards
a job or career
occupation
learned vocation or occupation
profession
Characteristics of Disciplines
distinctions between bodies of knowledge found in academic settings
Discipline
– Physics, Physiology, Sociology, Mathematics, History, Philosophy
Academic Disciplines
– Philosophy, Ethics, History, Fine Arts.
humanities
Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Sociology, Anthropology are examples of?
basic sciences
Medicine, Law, Nursing, Social Work.
Professional Disciplines
“know” and their priorities are descriptive in nature.
Academic Disciplines
are practical in nature, and their research tends to be more prescriptive and descriptive.
Professional Disciplines
“ways of knowing” is critical in the quest for development and application of theory in Nursing.
Epistemology of nursing
Science is concerned with casualty, which means
cause and effect
Scientific approach to understanding reality is characterized by:
- Observation
- Verifiability
- Experience; hypothesis testing
- Experimentation
- Considered scientific methods.
– concerned with the purpose of human life, nature of being, reality, theory and limits of knowledge.
Philosophy
Intuition, Introspection, and reasoning are examples.
Philosophical Methodologies
elements found in nature that do not relate to the totality of the individual.
Natural Sciences
science and philosophy share the common goal of increasing knowledge.
‘Philosophical methodologies
Science has been classified in several ways, namely;
- Pure of Basic Science
- Natural Science
- Human or Social Science
- Applied or Practice Science
‘Science is both a _____ ____
process and a product.’
– Psychology, Anthropology, Sociology, and may even extend to economics and political science.
Human References
Characteristics of Science:
- Science must show a certain coherence.
- Science is concerned with definite fields of knowledge.
- Science is preferably expressed in universal statements.
- The statements of science must be true or probably true.
- The statements of science must be logically ordered.
- Science must explain its investigations and arguments.
concepts that structure the thought process of that discipline with the intent of recognizing and revealing with the intent of recognizing and revealing foundations and presuppositions.
Philosophy of a Discipline
believe that reason is superior to experience as a source of knowledge.
Rationalists
knowledge is relative and that the mind plays an active role in knowing.
Kant
– was an early empiricist. Like rationalists, he supported experimentation and scientific methods for solving problems.
Bacon
Branches of Philosophy are the following:
- Metaphysics
- Epistemology
- Logic
- Esthetics
- Ethics or Axiology
Three Philosophies of Science:
- Rationalism
- Empiricism
- Human Science / Phenomenology
Rationalism and Empiricism are often termed
received view
– belief that what is experienced is what exists, and its knowledge base requires that these experiences be verified through scientific methodology.
Empiricism
human science/phenomenology and related worldviews are considered
perceived view
– made to describe, explain, and predict phenomena in nature.
Theories
- It emphasizes mathematical formulas to explain phenomena and prefers simple dichotomies and classification concepts.
Empiricism
must be operationalized in the form of prepositional statements, thereby making measurement possible.
Concepts
often equated with empiricism. Positivism aims to explain that complex can be best understood in terms of its basic components.
Positivism
came under criticism in the 1960s when positivistic logic was deemed faulty.
Positivism
recognized only the logical and empirical bases of sciece and stated that there is no room for metaphysics, understanding, or meaning within the realm of science.
Logical Positivism
Several philosophers in the 1960s and 1970s challenged the positivist view by arguing that the influence of history on science should be emphasized.
Kuhn, Feyerben, and Toulmin,
‘The text stated that scientists relied heavily on experiments in a highly controlled artificial environments. This often leads to missing out information because the experiments didn’t reflect real life situations. To truly understand theories and explanations, they need to be looked at in the real context where they were discovered, not in an artificial setting.’
Positivism
recognizes the perceptions of both the subject being studied and the researcher tend to de-emphasize reliance on strict control and experimentation in laboratory settings.
Interpretive View
‘Inquiry begins with individuals and their experiences with phenomena.’
Phenomenology
– study of phenomena and emphasizes the appearance of things such as opposed to the things themselves.
Phenomenology
approaches of the perceived view focus on understanding the actions of, and meaning to, individuals.
Constructivist
centers on descriptions, collectively lived experiences, interrelatedness, human interpretation, and learned reality, as opposed to artificially invented ( laboratory based ) reality.
Perceived View
has been described as a dominant scientific theoretical paradigm in nursing in the late 20th century.
Postmodernism
- The ultimate purpose of knowledge development is to
to improve nursing practice.
“a statement of foundational and universal assumptions, beliefs and principles about the nature of knowledge and thought ( epistemology ), and about the nature of the entities represented in the metaparadigm.”
Nursing Philosophy
Approaches to knowledge development have three facts:
- Ontology
- Epistemology
- Methodology
refers to the belief system or worldview of the profession and provides perspectives for practice, scholarship, and research.
Nursing Philosophy
is open, variable, and relativistic and based on human experience and personal interpretations.’
Phenomenology
began in Europe in the 1960s as a social movement centered on a philosophy that rejects the notion of a single “truth”
Postmodernism
‘Helps to establish the meaning of science through an understanding and examination of nursing, concepts, theories, laws, and aims as they relate to nursing practice.’
Philosophy of Science in Nursing
study of knowledge or ways of knowing.
Epistemology
– study of being: what is or what exists.
Ontology
- The study of the theory of knowledge
Epistemology
means the acquiring of knowledge.
Methodology
– knowledge of the body in relation to physical movement.
- Somatic Knowledge
includes feelings and hunches. It’s also not guessing but relies on unconscious pattern recognition and experience.
- Intuitive Knowledge
– related to beauty, harmony, and expression.
- Esthetics
scientific form of knowing. It also comes from observation, testing, and replication.
- Empirics
seeking the presence of a higher power
- Metaphysical
knowledge gained from thought alone.
- Personal Knowledge
knowledge of what is right and wrong.
- Moral or Ethical Knowledge
the one who identified four fundamental patterns for nursing knowledge:
Carper (1978)
“the study of the origins of nursing knowledge, its structure and methods, the patterns of knowing of its members, and the criteria for validating its knowledge claims.”
Nursing Epistemology
the art of nursing,
- Esthetics
the science of nursing,
- Empirics
knowledge in nursing
- Personal
moral knowledge in nursing.
- Ethics
is objective, abstract, generally quantifiable, exemplary, and hypothesis” discursively formulated, and verifiable.
Empirical knowledge
is expressive, subjective, unique, and experiential rather than formal or descriptive. includes sensing the meaning of a moment.
Esthetic knowledge
‘It draws on traditional ideas that can be verified through observation and proved by hypothesis testing.’
Empirical knowledge
refers to the way in which nurses view themselves and the client.
Personal knowledge
Components of Personal knowledge:
- Incorporates experience
- Knowing
- Encountering
- Actualizing the self within the practice
- Personal maturity
- Freedom
- Spiritual
- Metaphysical forms of knowing
refers to the moral code for nursing and is based on obligation to service and respect for human life.
Ethics
address conflicting norms, interests, and principles and provide insight into areas that cannot be tested.
Ethics
Three patterns of knowledge:
- Clinical
- Conceptual
- Empirical
individual nurse’s personal knowledge.
Clinical knowledge
abstracted and generalized beyond personal experience.
Conceptual Knowledge
( giving people rights ) knowing refers to human’s ability to critically examine the current status quo and to determine why it currently exists.
Emancipatory
experimental, historical, or phenomenologic research and is used to justify actions and procedure in practice.
Empirical knowledge
In nursing, synthesis of theories derived from different sources of knowledge will:
- Encourage the use of different types of knowledge in practice, education, theory development, and research.
- Encourage the use of different methodologies in practice and research.
- Make nursing education more relevant for nurses with different educational backgrounds.
- Accommodate nurses at different levels of clinical incompetence.
- Ultimately promote high-quality client care and client satisfaction.
, the investigator works towards solving problems and producing solutions for the problem.
applied research
A debate over methodology began in the 1980s
nurse scholars asserted that nursing’s ontology (what nursing is) was not sufficiently explored using quantitative methods in isolation.
‘The goal of _____is the attainment of knowledge.’
basic science
largely clinical and action oriented.
Practical Science
knowledge takes the form of descriptive theories regarding the structures, processes, relationships, and traditions that underlie psychological, social, and cultural aspects of reality
Human sciences
nursing requires research that is applied and clinical that generates tests theories related to health of human beings as well as the actions and processes used by nurses in practice.
Applied or practical science
____proposed that the human sciences require concepts, methods, and theories that are fundamentally different from those of the natura sciences.
Wilhelm Dilthey ( 1833 – 1911 )
sciences study human life by valuing the lived experience of persons and seek to understand life in its matrix of patterns of meaning and values.’
Human sciences
The purpose of research in human science is
to produce descriptions and interpretations to help understand the nature of human experience.
value the subjective component of knowledge. Thay recognize humans are not capable of total objectivity and embrace the idea of subjectivity.
Humanistic Scientists
objectifies and attempts to quantify experience and may test propositions or hypotheses in controlled experimentation.
Empiricism
______accept scientific knowledge is generated from systemic study.
Nursing Scholars
Two dominant forms of Scientific Inquiry
- Empiricism
- Phenomenology
– justified by its success in measuring, analyzing, replicating, and applying knowledge gained.
Quantitative Approach
– and other forms of qualitative research which study lived experiences and meanings of events
Phenomenology
according to_______ science should incorporate methodologic principles of objective observation/description, accurate measurement, quantification of variables, mathematical and statistical analysis, experimental methods, and verification through replication whenever possible.
Wolfer ( 1988 )
according to their haste to prove the credibility of nursing as a profession, nursing scholars have emphasized reductionism and empirical validation through quantitative methodologies, emphasizing hypothesis testing.
Kidd and Morrison ( 1988
what year were the nursing scientists were challenged to explain phenomena that defy quantitative measurement, and qualitative approaches emphasizing the importance of the client’s perspective began to be used in nursing research.
Beginning in the 1970s,
according to _____ the goal of nurse scientists is to conduct research to generate and test middle-range and situation-specific theories derived from nursing conceptual models and grand theories.
Fawcett (2020)
these guys believe that the two approaches may be considered complementary and appropriate for nursing as a researched based discipline.
Beck and Harrison (2016), Risjord (2010), and Wood and Haber (2018)
