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biochem bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

the sum of a l chemical reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of a cell or organism.

A

metabolism

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2
Q

a series of biochemical reactions.

A

pathway

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3
Q

the biochemical pathways that are involved in generating energy by breaking down large nutrient molecules into sma ler molecules with the concurrent production of energy.

A

catabolism

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4
Q

the pathways by which biomolecules are synthesized.

A

anabolism

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5
Q

is the sum of catabolism and anabolism

A

metabolism

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6
Q

where replication of DNA takes place

A

nucleus

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7
Q

remove damaged cellular components and some unwanted foreign materials

A

lysosomes

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8
Q

package and process proteins for secretion and delivery to other cellular components.

A

golgi bodies

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9
Q

organeles in which the common catabolic pathway takes place in higher organisms; the purpose of this catabolic pathway is to convert the energy stored in food molecules into energy stored in molecules of ATP.

A

mitochondria

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10
Q

electron transport chain & phosphorylation together is called

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

also ca led the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or Krebs cycle.

A

citric acid cycle

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12
Q

_______&_______ together is called

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q
  • Four principal compounds participating in the common catabolic pathway are:
A
  • AMP, ADP, and ATP
  • NAD+/NADH
  • FAD/FADH2
  • coenzyme A; abbreviated CoA or CoA-SH
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14
Q

is the most important compound involved in the transfer of phosphate groups.

A

ATP

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15
Q
  • ATP contains
A

two phosphoric anhydride bonds and one phosphoric ester bond

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16
Q
  • Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate
A

anhydride

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17
Q
  • Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate (anhydride) of ATP gives
A

ADP, phosphate ion, and energy

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18
Q
  • Hydrolysis of a phosphoric anhydride ____________than hydrolysis of a phosphoric ester.
A

liberates more energy

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19
Q
  • We say that ATP and ADP contain
A

two high-energy phosphoric anhydride bonds.

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20
Q

is a universal carrier of phosphate groups

A
  • ATP
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21
Q

is also a common currency for the storage and transfer of energy

A

ATP

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22
Q

is a biological oxidizing agent

A

nicotine adenine dinucleotide

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23
Q

The plus sign on NAD+ represents the

A

positive charge on this nitrogen

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24
Q

is a two-electron oxidizing agent, and is reduced to NADH.

A
  • NAD+
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24
is a two-electron reducing agent, and is oxidized to NAD+.
* NADH
25
is an electron and hydrogen ion transporting molecule.
* NADH
26
is a two-electron oxidizing agent, and is reduced to FADH2.
* FAD
27
is a two-electron reducing agent, and is oxidized to FAD.
* FADH2
28
is an acetyl-carrying group.
coenzyme A (CoA)
29
Like NAD+ and FAD, coenzyme A contains
a unit of ADP
30
* The vitamin part of coenzyme A is
pantothenic acid.
31
* The acetyl group of acetyl CoA is bound as a
high-energy thioester.
32
* The high-energy thioester of acetyl CoA is hydrolyzed.
step 1
33
* Citrate synthase, an a losteric enzyme, is inhibited by
NADH, ATP, and succinyl-CoA
34
dehydration and rehydration, catalyzed by aconitase, gives isocitrate.
Step 2:
35
* _____ and _____ are achiral; neither has a stereocenter.
Citrate and aconitate
36
is chiral; it has 2 stereocenters and 4 stereoisomers are possible
37
* Isocitrate is chiral; it has__ stereocenters and___stereoisomers are possible.
2 4
38
oxidation of isocitrate fo lowed by decarboxylation gives a-ketoglutarate.
* Step 3
39
is an a losteric enzyme; it is inhibited by ATP and NADH, and activated by ADP and NAD+.
* Isocitrate dehydrogenase
40
oxidative decarboxylation of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.
* Step 4:
41
formation of succinate.
* Step 5:
42
* This is the first, and only, energy-yielding step of the cycle; a molecule of GTP is produced.
* Step 5
43
* The two CH2-COO- groups of succinate are now equivalent.
* Step 5
44
oxidation of succinate to fumarate.
Step 6:
45
hydration of fumarate to L-malate.
Step 7
46
is chiral and can exist as a pair of enantiomers; It is produced in the cycle as a single stereoisomer.
* Malate
47
: oxidation of malate.
* Step 8
48
* Oxaloacetate now can react with acetyl CoA to start another round of the cycle by repeating Step 1.
* Step 8
49
* Controlled by three feedback mechanisms
citric acid cycle
50
inhibited by ATP, NADH, and succinyl CoA; also product inhibition by citrate.
citrate synthase
51
activated by ADP and NAD+, inhibited by ATP and NADH
isocitrate dehydrogenase
52
inhibited by ATP, NADH, and succinyl CoA; activated by ADP and NAD+.
ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
53
* Carried out by four closely related multi subunit membrane-bound complexes and two electron carriers, coenzyme Q and cytochrome c.
oxidative phosphorylation
54
* O2 is reduced to H2O
oxidative phosphorylation
55
* This large complex contains some 40 subunits, among them are a flavoprotein, several iron-sulfur (FeS) clusters, and coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone).
complex 1
56
* Complex I oxidizes _____ to ____
NADH to NAD+.
57
* The oxidizing agent is CoQ, which is reduced to
CoQH2.
58
oxidizes FADH2 to FAD.
* Complex II
59
delivers electrons from CoQH2 to cytochrome c (Cyt c).
* Complex III
60
* Complex IV is also known as
cytochrome oxidase
61
* Complex IV It contains ___ subunits,
13
62
* electrons flow from Cyt c (oxidized) in _______to Cyt a3 in _______
Complex III Complex IV
63
* From Cyt a3 electrons are transferred to
O2.
64
* During this redox reaction, H+ are pumped from the matrix into the
intermembrane space.
65
* Summing the reactions of Complexes I - IV, six H+ are pumped out per NADH and four H+ per FADH2.
66
* The energy-releasing oxidations give rise to proton pumping and a ________ is created across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
ph gradient
67
* There is a _______ of H+ in the intermembrane space than inside the mitochondria.
higher concentration
68
* This proton gradient provides the driving force to propel protons back into the mitochondrion through the enzyme complex called
proton translocating ATPase
69
* The overa l reactions of oxidative phosphorylation are:
NADH + 3ADP + 1 O2 + 3P + H+ NAD+ + 3ATP + H O 2 i 2 FADH2 + 2ADP + 1 O2 + 2Pi FAD + 2ATP + H2O
70
* Protons flow back into the matrix through channels in the
F0 unit of ATP synthase.
71
* Oxidation of each NADH gives
3ATP.
72
* Oxidation of each FADH2 gives
2 ATP
73
* Thus, the yield of ATP per two-carbon acetyl group oxidized to CO2 is:
3 NADH x 1 FADH2 x 3 ATP NADH 2 ATP FADH2 = 9 ATP = 2 ATP 1 GTP = 1 ATP = 12 ATP
74
* The chemical energy of ATP is converted by the body to several other forms of energy:
electrical energy mechanical energy heat energy
74
* It also maintains a Na+ concentration gradient across cell membranes
lower inside, higher outside.
74
* The body maintains a K+ concentration gradient across cell membranes;
higher inside and lower outside.
75
* This pumping requires energy, which is supplied by the hydrolysis of
ATP to ADP.
76
the chemical energy of ATP is transformed into ___________, which operates in neurotransmission.
electrical energy
77
* ATP drives the alternating association and dissociation of actin and myosin and, consequently, the contraction and relaxation of muscle tissue.
mechanical energy
78
* Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP yields 7.3 kcal/mol. * Some of this energy is released as heat to maintain body temperature.
heat energy

biochemistry (23 decks)

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