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biochemistry > biochem bioenergetics > Flashcards

biochem bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

the sum of a l chemical reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of a cell or organism.

A

metabolism

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2
Q

a series of biochemical reactions.

A

pathway

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3
Q

the biochemical pathways that are involved in generating energy by breaking down large nutrient molecules into sma ler molecules with the concurrent production of energy.

A

catabolism

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4
Q

the pathways by which biomolecules are synthesized.

A

anabolism

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5
Q

is the sum of catabolism and anabolism

A

metabolism

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6
Q

where replication of DNA takes place

A

nucleus

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7
Q

remove damaged cellular components and some unwanted foreign materials

A

lysosomes

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8
Q

package and process proteins for secretion and delivery to other cellular components.

A

golgi bodies

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9
Q

organeles in which the common catabolic pathway takes place in higher organisms; the purpose of this catabolic pathway is to convert the energy stored in food molecules into energy stored in molecules of ATP.

A

mitochondria

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10
Q

electron transport chain & phosphorylation together is called

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

also ca led the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or Krebs cycle.

A

citric acid cycle

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12
Q

_______&_______ together is called

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q
  • Four principal compounds participating in the common catabolic pathway are:
A
  • AMP, ADP, and ATP
  • NAD+/NADH
  • FAD/FADH2
  • coenzyme A; abbreviated CoA or CoA-SH
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14
Q

is the most important compound involved in the transfer of phosphate groups.

A

ATP

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15
Q
  • ATP contains
A

two phosphoric anhydride bonds and one phosphoric ester bond

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16
Q
  • Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate
A

anhydride

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17
Q
  • Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate (anhydride) of ATP gives
A

ADP, phosphate ion, and energy

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18
Q
  • Hydrolysis of a phosphoric anhydride ____________than hydrolysis of a phosphoric ester.
A

liberates more energy

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19
Q
  • We say that ATP and ADP contain
A

two high-energy phosphoric anhydride bonds.

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20
Q

is a universal carrier of phosphate groups

A
  • ATP
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21
Q

is also a common currency for the storage and transfer of energy

A

ATP

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22
Q

is a biological oxidizing agent

A

nicotine adenine dinucleotide

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23
Q

The plus sign on NAD+ represents the

A

positive charge on this nitrogen

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24
Q

is a two-electron oxidizing agent, and is reduced to NADH.

A
  • NAD+
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24
Q

is a two-electron reducing agent, and is oxidized to NAD+.

A
  • NADH
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25
Q

is an electron and hydrogen ion transporting molecule.

A
  • NADH
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26
Q

is a two-electron oxidizing agent, and is reduced to FADH2.

A
  • FAD
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27
Q

is a two-electron reducing agent, and is oxidized to FAD.

A
  • FADH2
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28
Q

is an acetyl-carrying group.

A

coenzyme A (CoA)

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29
Q

Like NAD+ and FAD, coenzyme A contains

A

a unit of ADP

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30
Q
  • The vitamin part of coenzyme A is
A

pantothenic acid.

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31
Q
  • The acetyl group of acetyl CoA is bound as a
A

high-energy thioester.

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32
Q
  • The high-energy thioester of acetyl CoA is hydrolyzed.
A

step 1

33
Q
  • Citrate synthase, an a losteric enzyme, is inhibited by
A

NADH, ATP, and succinyl-CoA

34
Q

dehydration and rehydration, catalyzed by aconitase, gives isocitrate.

A

Step 2:

35
Q
  • _____ and _____ are achiral; neither has a stereocenter.
A

Citrate and aconitate

36
Q

is chiral; it has 2 stereocenters and 4 stereoisomers are possible

A
37
Q
  • Isocitrate is chiral; it has__ stereocenters and___stereoisomers are possible.
A

2

4

38
Q

oxidation of isocitrate fo lowed by decarboxylation gives a-ketoglutarate.

A
  • Step 3
39
Q

is an a losteric enzyme; it is inhibited by ATP and NADH, and activated by ADP and NAD+.

A
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase
40
Q

oxidative decarboxylation of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.

A
  • Step 4:
41
Q

formation of succinate.

A
  • Step 5:
42
Q
  • This is the first, and only, energy-yielding step of the cycle; a molecule of GTP is produced.
A
  • Step 5
43
Q
  • The two CH2-COO- groups of succinate are now equivalent.
A
  • Step 5
44
Q

oxidation of succinate to fumarate.

A

Step 6:

45
Q

hydration of fumarate to L-malate.

A

Step 7

46
Q

is chiral and can exist as a pair of enantiomers; It is produced in the cycle as a single stereoisomer.

A
  • Malate
47
Q

: oxidation of malate.

A
  • Step 8
48
Q
  • Oxaloacetate now can react with acetyl CoA to start another round of the cycle by repeating Step 1.
A
  • Step 8
49
Q
  • Controlled by three feedback mechanisms
A

citric acid cycle

50
Q

inhibited by ATP, NADH, and succinyl CoA; also product inhibition by citrate.

A

citrate synthase

51
Q

activated by ADP and NAD+, inhibited by ATP and NADH

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

52
Q

inhibited by ATP, NADH, and succinyl CoA; activated by ADP and NAD+.

A

ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

53
Q
  • Carried out by four closely related multi subunit membrane-bound complexes and two electron carriers, coenzyme Q and cytochrome c.
A

oxidative phosphorylation

54
Q
  • O2 is reduced to H2O
A

oxidative phosphorylation

55
Q
  • This large complex contains some 40 subunits, among them are a flavoprotein, several iron-sulfur (FeS) clusters, and coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone).
A

complex 1

56
Q
  • Complex I oxidizes _____ to ____
A

NADH to NAD+.

57
Q
  • The oxidizing agent is CoQ, which is reduced to
A

CoQH2.

58
Q

oxidizes FADH2 to FAD.

A
  • Complex II
59
Q

delivers electrons from CoQH2 to cytochrome c (Cyt c).

A
  • Complex III
60
Q
  • Complex IV is also known as
A

cytochrome oxidase

61
Q
  • Complex IV It contains ___ subunits,
A

13

62
Q
  • electrons flow from Cyt c (oxidized) in _______to Cyt a3 in _______
A

Complex III

Complex IV

63
Q
  • From Cyt a3 electrons are transferred to
A

O2.

64
Q
  • During this redox reaction, H+ are pumped from the matrix into the
A

intermembrane space.

65
Q
  • Summing the reactions of Complexes I - IV, six H+ are pumped out per NADH and four H+ per FADH2.
A
66
Q
  • The energy-releasing oxidations give rise to proton pumping and a ________ is created across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
A

ph gradient

67
Q
  • There is a _______ of H+ in the intermembrane space than inside the mitochondria.
A

higher concentration

68
Q
  • This proton gradient provides the driving force to propel protons back into the mitochondrion through the enzyme complex called
A

proton translocating ATPase

69
Q
  • The overa l reactions of oxidative phosphorylation are:
A

NADH + 3ADP +

1 O2 + 3P + H+ NAD+ + 3ATP + H O

2 i 2

FADH2 + 2ADP +

1 O2 + 2Pi FAD + 2ATP + H2O

70
Q
  • Protons flow back into the matrix through channels in the
A

F0 unit of ATP synthase.

71
Q
  • Oxidation of each NADH gives
A

3ATP.

72
Q
  • Oxidation of each FADH2 gives
A

2 ATP

73
Q
  • Thus, the yield of ATP per two-carbon acetyl group oxidized to CO2 is:
A

3 NADH x

1 FADH2 x

3 ATP NADH
2 ATP
FADH2

= 9 ATP

= 2 ATP

1 GTP = 1 ATP
= 12 ATP

74
Q
  • The chemical energy of ATP is converted by the body to several other forms of energy:
A

electrical energy
mechanical energy
heat energy

74
Q
  • It also maintains a Na+ concentration gradient across cell membranes
A

lower inside, higher outside.

74
Q
  • The body maintains a K+ concentration gradient across cell membranes;
A

higher inside and lower outside.

75
Q
  • This pumping requires energy, which is supplied by the hydrolysis of
A

ATP to ADP.

76
Q

the chemical energy of ATP is transformed into ___________, which operates in neurotransmission.

A

electrical energy

77
Q
  • ATP drives the alternating association and dissociation of actin and myosin and, consequently, the contraction and relaxation of muscle tissue.
A

mechanical energy

78
Q
  • Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP yields 7.3 kcal/mol.
  • Some of this energy is released as heat to maintain body temperature.
A

heat energy

biochemistry (17 decks)

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