immunochemistry biochem Flashcards
1-2.) What are the 2 types of your Immune system?
3.) The NK cells attaches to the Infected cell and releases what protein?
(This allows perforations on the cell that causes hypotonicity)
5-6.) What are the key features of the adaptive immunity?
4.) What cell engulfs and digests bacteria and also reduce Inflammation?
7.) What is the substance that is foreign to the body that triggers an Immune response?
8.) Which cells synthesizes antibodies?
9.) What are the glycoproteins that are composed of constant and variable protein segments having significant homologles to suggest that they evolved from a common ancestry called?
10.) What region in your Ig is antigen specific?
11.) The macrophages display a small portion of the antigen that it processes on their surface. What is this called? (no abbreviation)
12-16.) What are the 5 major elements of your Immune response?
17.) They are a specialized white blood cells that are primarily responsible for the functioning of the Immune system. What are they called?
18.) The entry of your B and T cells to the blood circulation is aided by what signaling molecules?
19-21.) What are the 3 feature characteristics of your antigens?
22-28.) What are the differences between MHCI and MHC 117
- The IgG is the only Immunoglobin that is able to
engulf and digest bacteria and reduce inflammation.
MACROHAGES
Key features of adaptive immunity
specificity and memory.
a substance foreign to the body that triggers an immune response.
ANTIGEN
kill invaders by contact
T CELLS
synthesize , which are soluble immunoglobins that immobilize antigens.
B CELLS
are composed of constant and variable protein segments having significant homologies to suggest that they evolved from a common ancestry.
glycoproteins
The basic molecules of the immune system belong to the
the IMMUNOGLOBIN SUPERFAMILY.
glycoproteins are composed of
constant and variable protein segments having significant homologies to suggest that they evolved from a common ancestry.
soluble immunoglobins secreted by the plasma cells.
ANTIBODIES
which recognize and bind antigens presented to them.
T CELLS RECEPTORS
reside within cells. They interact with an antigen, and bring a characteristic portion of it to the surface of the cell; such a surface presentation then marks the diseased cell for destruction.
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX(MHC),
The immune system is complex; it involves molecular signals and an interplay among various cells.
* Its major elements are:
- Cells of the immune system.
- Antigens and their perception by the immune system.
- Antibodies (immunoglobulin molecules) designed to immobilize antigens.
- Receptor molecules on the surface of cells that recognize antigens.
- Cytokines that control these interactions.
drain the fluids that bath the cells of the body.
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY VESSELS
specialized white blood cells that are primarily responsible for the functioning of the immune
system.
LYMPHOCYTES
are lymphocytes that originate in bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland.
T CELLS
- Both T and B cells are found mostly in the lymph, but small numbers are also found in the blood. Their entry into the blood is aided by signaling molecule called _____
CYTOKINES
are lymphocytes that originate and mature in the bone marrow
B CELLS
The two important cells are
MACROPHAGES and NATURAL KILLER cells
They are nonspecific and attack virtually anything that is not recognized as part of the body.
-They engulf nonself, destroy it, and display a small portion
of it on their surface.
Macrophages
-Target abnormal cells.
-Once in contact, they release proteins called perforins that perforate target cell membranes creating pores
- Natural killer (NK) cells
interact with the antigen presented by the macrophage and produce other T cells that are now highly
specific to the antigen.
T CELLS
When these T cells differentiate, they become
KILLER T CELLS
- Killer T cells act through
perforin.
any foreign substance that elicits an immune response.
ANTIGEN
Three features characterize an antigen:
- Foreignness.
- A molecular weight greater than 6000.
- Sufficient complexity to elicit a response.
When an antigen is injected into an organism, it may be _______ before an antibody appears in the serum.
1 to 2 weeks
The smallest unit of an antigen capable of binding an antibody is called the
EPITOPE.
To elicit a response, the antigen or epitope must be
brought to the surface of the infected cell.
TcRs can interact with an
antigen only
- TcR alone, however, is not sufficient for
antigen binding.
Also needed are proteins called ________ that act as coreceptors and/or signal transducers
CLUSTER DETERMINANTS(CD)
Upon antigen binding, CD3 becomes ______ which sets up a signaling cascade inside the cell.
phosphorylated
act as adhesion molecules as well as signal transducers
CD4 and CD8
it binds strongly to a glycoprotein on the surface of HIV.
CD4 is
Through this binding to CD4, an
HIV can enter and infect T cells and cause AIDS.
: glycoproteins that are produced by one cell and alters the function of another cell.
CYTOKINES
have no antigen specificity.
Cytokines
They are short-lived and are not stored in cells.
Cytokines
activates other B and T cells and macrophages.
- FOUR α-HELICAL SEGMENTS
: an example is tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
- ONLY β- PLEATED SHEETS IN 2 DEGREE STRUCTURE
an example is epidermal growth factor (EGF).
- BOTH α- HELICAL AND β-PLEATED SHEETS SEGMENTS
they attract leukocytes to the site of infection or
inflammation.
CHEMOTACTIC CYTOKINES (CHEMOKINES
Cytokines also major players
- chronic inflammations
- autoimmune diseases
- asthma and other forms of allergic inflammation
- transplant rejection
