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biochemistry > muscular system anaphy > Flashcards

muscular system anaphy Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Muscular System

A
  1. Movement
  2. Maintain posture
  3. Respiration
  4. Production of body heat
  5. Communication
  6. Heart beat
  7. Contraction of organs
    and vessels
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2
Q

Types of Muscles

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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3
Q

are muscle cell

A

Fibers

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3
Q

Abilities of Skeletal Muscles

A
  • Contractility:
    ability to shorten
  • Excitability:
    respond to stimulus
  • Extensibility:
    can stretch
  • Elasticity:
    recoil
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3
Q

is cytoplasm

A

Sarcoplasm

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4
Q
  • Contraction and shortening of muscles are due to the movement of
A

microfilaments

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4
Q
  • Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell =
A

muscle fiber

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5
Q

Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

A
  • Makes up 40% of body weight
  • Named because attached to bones (skeleton)
  • Many nuclei per cell (near periphery)
  • Striated
  • Longest of muscle types
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6
Q

plasma membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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7
Q

endoplasmic reticulum of muscle

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

= contracting structures within a myofibrils; a section of the myofibrils
= joined end to end like train carriages, forms myofibril
=contain microfilaments that slide past

A

Sarcomeres

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9
Q

long thread-like proteins inside the muscle cell that make up muscle fibers
= contains many microfilaments

A

Myofibril

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10
Q

sheet or membrane around the cell.

A

Lemma

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11
Q

refers to flesh or muscle

A

Sarco

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12
Q

major component of a thin filaments

A

Actin

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12
Q

is a malignant tumor

A

Sarcoma

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13
Q

is a molecule that make up a thick micro filaments

A

Myosin

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14
Q

is a bundle of muscle fiber( cells)

A

Fascicle

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14
Q

connective tissue that surrounds
entire skeletal muscle (outside)
covers the entire skeletal muscle (protects the muscles from friction against other muscles and bones

A
  • Epimysium
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15
Q

connective tissue around each muscle fasciculus

A
  • Perimysium:
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16
Q
  • skeletal muscle cells
A

Muscle fiber

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16
Q

bundle of muscle fibers

A
  • Muscle fasciculus
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17
Q

thread-like proteins that make up muscle fibers
* long organelles inside muscle cell (cylindrical organelles)

A
  • Myofibril:
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17
Q

connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

A
  • Endomysium
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18
Q

cell membrane
- contains T-tubules
- specialized plasma membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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19
Q

it is a muscle fiber membrane that contains nuclei which are pushed aside by long ribbon like
organelles called

A

myofibrils

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20
Q

give the muscle its striated (banded) appearance

A

Light (I) bands and dark (A)

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21
Q
  • proteins that make up myofibrils
A
  • Myofilament
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22
Q
  • Thick filaments =
  • Thin filaments =
A

Thick filaments = myosin filaments
Thin filaments = actin filaments

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23
Q
  • contractile unit
  • contains actin and myosin
A
  • Sarcomere:
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24
Q

contractile unit of a muscle fiber

A
  • Sarcomere
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25
Q

– Myofilaments produce banding (striped) pattern

A
  • Organization of the sarcomere
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26
Q

– Composed of the protein myosin
– Contain ATPase enzymes to split ATP to release energy for muscle contractions

A
  • Thick filaments
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27
Q

– Thick filaments Possess projections known as

A

myosin heads

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28
Q

are known as cross bridges when they link thick and thin filaments during contraction

A

– Myosin heads

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29
Q

– Myosin heads are known as

A

cross bridges

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30
Q

– Composed of the contractile protein actin
– Actin is anchored to the Z disc

A
  • Thin filaments
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31
Q
  • At rest, within the A band there is a zone that lacks actin filaments called the
A

the H zone

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32
Q
  • thin myofilament
  • resemble 2 strands of pearls
A
  • Actin:
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33
Q
  • thick myofilament
  • resemble golf clubs
A

Myosin

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34
Q
  • wrap around sarcomeres at A band
  • associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum
    -transports
A
  • T-tubules (transverse)
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35
Q
  • type of SER
  • surrounds myofibril, myosin
  • stores and releases Ca2+
A
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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36
Q

protein fibers that form attachment site for actin

A
  • Z disk
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37
Q
  • center of sarcomere
  • contains only myosin
A
  • H zone:
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38
Q

contains only actin

A
  • I band
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39
Q

where actin and myosin overlap

A
  • A band:
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40
Q

where myosin are anchored

A
  • M line:
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40
Q
  • cell membrane
  • contains T-tubules
A

Sarcolemma

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40
Q

cytoplasm of muscle fiber (cell)

A
  • Sarcoplasm:
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41
Q
  • filament on grooves of actin
  • attachment site on actin for myosin
A
  • Tropomyosin:
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41
Q

attachment site on actin for Ca2+

A

Troponin

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42
Q

These are the long, thread-like structures that run the length of the muscle fiber and are responsible for contraction.

A

Myofibrils:

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42
Q

The basic contractile unit of muscle fibers, made up of actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments) proteins

A

Sarcomere

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42
Q
  • Why is the inside of cell negative if K+ is positive?
A

K+ is able to diffuse out of cell freely but other larger negative molecules cannot.

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42
Q

A specialized form of the endoplasmic reticulum that stores and releases calcium ions

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR):

43
Q

Extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate into the cell’s interior.

A

T-tubules (Transverse Tubules

43
Q

Muscle fibers are multinucleated, meaning they contain more than one nucleus, which helps with the synthesis of proteins required for muscle function and repair

A

Nuclei

44
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Outside cell
Na+
+ charge
Na+ channels closed

Inside cell
K+
-charge
Some K+ channels open

44
Q

is where the motor neuron communicates with the muscle fiber.

A
  • The neuromuscular junction
45
Q
  • When a nerve impulse reaches the _____
A

NMJ

46
Q

Is the momentary reversal of membrane potential that is the basis for electrical signaling within the neurons

A

Action Potential

47
Q

nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle fibers

A
  • Motor neuron:
48
Q

where nerve cell and muscle fiber meet

A
  • Neuromuscular junction (synapse):
49
Q
  • chemicals that stimulate or inhibit a muscle fiber
  • Ex. Acetylcholine
A
  • Neurotransmitter:
50
Q

end of nerve cell (axon)

A
  • Presynaptic terminal:
50
Q

muscle fiber membrane

A
  • Postsynaptic membrane
51
Q

space between presynpatic terminal and postsynaptic membrane

A
  • Synpatic cleft:
52
Q
  • in presynaptic terminal
  • store and release neurotransmitters
A
  • Synaptic vesicle:
53
Q

is the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle

A

– Acetylcholine

53
Q

group of muscle fibers that motor neuron stimulates

A
  • Motor unit:
54
Q
  1. Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on Na+ channels, Na+ channels open, and Na+ rushes into postsynaptic terminal, this process is called?_______
A

(depolarization).

55
Q

Steps in a Muscle Contraction (Sliding Filament Theory)

memorize and familiarize this bitch

A
  1. An action potential travels down motor neuron to presynaptic terminal causing Ca2+ channels to open.
  2. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine into synaptic cleft.
  3. Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on Na+ channels, Na+ channels open, and Na+ rushes into postsynaptic terminal (depolarization).
  4. Na+ causes sarcolemma and t-tubules to increase the permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum which releases stored calcium.
  5. Ca2+ binds to troponin which is attached to actin.
  6. Ca2+ binding to troponin causes tropomyosin to move exposing attachment sites for myosin.
  7. Myosin heads bind to actin.
  8. ATP is released from myosin heads and heads bend toward center of sarcomere.
  9. Bending forces actin to slide over myosin.
  10. Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme breaks down acetylcholine) is released, Na+ channels close, and muscle contraction stops.
55
Q

– Gap between nerve and muscle filled with interstitial fluid

A
  • Synaptic cleft
56
Q

– Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and sarcolemma of a muscle

A
  • Neuromuscular junction
57
Q

The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential

memorize and familiarize the steps of this bitch

A

Step 1: Calcium channels open, and calcium ions enter the axon terminal

Step 2: Calcium ion entry causes some synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine (ACh)

Step 3: ACh diffuses across th synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma of the muscle cell

Step 4: If enough ACh is
released, the sarcolemma becomes temporarily more permeable to sodium ions (Na+

Step 5: Depolarization opens more sodium channels that allow sodium ions to enter the cell

Step 6: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline

57
Q
  • Na+ channels close
  • change back to resting potential
A

Repolarization

58
Q

explain the duration of Creatine Phosphate

A

This system provides energy for about 10-15 seconds of maximum effort.Location: Occurs in the cytoplasm of muscle cells

58
Q
  • What causes filaments to slide?
A

– Calcium ions (Ca2+) bind regulatory proteins on thin filaments and expose myosin-binding sites, allowing the myosin heads on the thick filaments to attach
– Each cross bridge pivots, causing the thin filaments to
slide toward the center of the sarcomere
– Contraction occurs, and the cell shortens
– During a contraction, a cross bridge attaches and detaches several times

59
Q

is the primary energy source for muscle contraction, and it must be continuously replenished during physical activity.

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate

60
Q

This is the fastest way to regenerate ATP, especially during short bursts of intense activity (like sprinting or weightlifting).

A

Creatine Phosphate (Phosphocreatine) System

60
Q

This pathway provides ATP when oxygen is not readily available, such as during short, high-intensity exercise.

A

Anaerobic Glycolysis (Lactic Acid System)

61
Q

Creatine phosphate for quick, short bursts of energy.Anaerobic glycolysis for short to medium bursts when oxygen is low.

A

Replenishment

61
Q

explain the reaction of Creatine Phosphate

A

Creatine phosphate (CrP) donates a phosphate group to ADP, quickly reforming ATP.

62
Q

for sustained energy during long-term, low-intensity activities.

A

Aerobic respiration

62
Q

for quick, short bursts of energy.

A

Creatine phosphate

63
Q

for short to medium bursts when oxygen is low.

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

64
Q

– Only energy source that can be used to directly power muscle contraction

A
  • ATP
65
Q

Muscle fiber contraction is ______ meaning it will contract to its fullest when stimulated adequately

A

“all-or-none,”

66
Q

different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening

A

– Graded responses

67
Q
  • Graded responses can be produced in two ways
A

– By changing the frequency of muscle stimulation
– By changing the number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time

68
Q
  • Single, brief, jerky contraction
  • Not a normal muscle function
A

– Muscle twitch

69
Q

is achieved when the muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen

A

– Fused (complete) tetanus

70
Q

– When stimulations become more frequent, muscle contractions get

A

get stronger and smoother

71
Q
  • During a muscle contraction, H zone and I band shorten but A band _______
A

stays the same

72
Q

weakest stimulus needed to produce a response

A
  • Threshold:
73
Q

muscle contracts or doesn’t (no in between)

A
  • All or None Law
74
Q

rapid contraction and relaxation of a muscle

A
  • Twitch
75
Q

muscle remains contracted

A
  • Tetanus:
76
Q

exercise (biking, jogging) results in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to fatigue
* Makes body metabolism more efficient
* Improves digestion, coordination

A

– Aerobic (endurance)

77
Q

exercise (weight lifting) increases muscle size and strength
* Individual muscle fibers enlarge

A

– Resistance (isometric)

77
Q

constant tension over a long period of time

A
  • Tone
77
Q

amount of tension increases (weight)

A
  • Isometric
78
Q

amount of repetitions increases

A
  • Isotonic:
79
Q
  • Contract slowly
  • Fatigue slowly
  • Long distance runners
  • Use aerobic respiration
  • Energy from fat
  • Dark meat
  • Red or dark because of myoglobin
A

Slow Twitch Fibers

79
Q

– Muscle remains firm, healthy, and constantly ready for action

A
  • Muscle tone
80
Q

Slow Twitch Fibers

A
  • Contract slowly
  • Fatigue slowly
  • Long distance runners
  • Use aerobic respiration
  • Energy from fat
  • Dark meat
  • Red or dark because of myoglobin
80
Q

helps O2 bind in muscle

A
  • Myoglobin
81
Q
  • Contract quickly
  • Fatigue quickly
  • Sprinters
  • Use anaerobic respiration
  • Energy from glycogen
  • White meat
A

Fast Twitch Fibers

82
Q
  • When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves ____the origin
A

toward the origin

82
Q

Fast Twitch Fibers

A
  • Contract quickly
  • Fatigue quickly
  • Sprinters
  • Use anaerobic respiration
  • Energy from glycogen
  • White meat
82
Q

– Decreases the angle of the joint
– Brings two bones closer together

A
  • Flexion
83
Q

attachment to a movable bone

A
  1. Insertion
83
Q

attachment to an immovable or less movable bone

A
  1. Origin
84
Q

– Opposite of flexion
– Increases angle between two bones
– Typical of straightening the elbow or knee
– Extension beyond 180º is hyperextension

A
  • Extension
85
Q

– Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
– Common in ball-and- socket joints

A
  • Rotation
86
Q

– Movement of a limb away from the midline

A
  • Abduction
87
Q

– Opposite of abduction
– Movement of a limb toward
the midline

A
  • Adduction
88
Q

– Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

A
  • Circumduction
89
Q

– Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin (toward the dorsum)

A
  • Dorsiflexion
90
Q

– Turning sole of foot
laterally

A
  • Eversion
90
Q

– Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly
– Radius and ulna are parallel

A
  • Supination
90
Q

– Turning sole of foot
medially

A
  • Inversion
91
Q

– Pointing the toes away from the head

A
  • Plantar flexion
92
Q

Moving the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

A
  • Opposition
92
Q
  • In general, groups of muscles that produce ____ lie on ____ of a joint
A

opposite actions
opposite sides

93
Q

– Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly
– Radius and ulna cross each other like an X

A
  • Pronation
94
Q

muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement

A
  • Prime mover
95
Q

muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

A
  • Antagonist
96
Q

specialized synergists that hold a bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover

A
  • Fixator
96
Q

muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement or reduces undesirable movements

A

Synergist

97
Q

nonmovable end

A
  • Origin
98
Q

movable end

A
  • Insertion
99
Q

middle

A
  • Belly
100
Q

muscles that work together

A
  • Synergists
101
Q

muscles that oppose each other

A
  • Antagonist:

biochemistry (17 decks)

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