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biochemistry > biochem chemical communication > Flashcards

biochem chemical communication Flashcards

1
Q

a nerve cell

A

neuron

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2
Q

a molecule that blocks a natural receptor site

A

antagonist

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2
Q

a chemical messenger between a neuron and another target cell

A

neurotransmitter

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3
Q

a chemical messenger released by an endocrine gland into the blood stream

A

hormone

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3
Q

distinction between a neurotransmitter and a hormone is?

A

physiological, not chemical

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4
Q

a molecule that competes with a natural messenger for a receptor site; binds to the receptor site and elicits the same response as the natural messenger

A

agonist

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5
Q

a drug may increase depends on the

A

effective concentration of a messenger

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6
Q

messengers are also classified by how they work; they may:

A

-activate enzymes
-affect the synthesis of enzymes
- affect the permeability of the membranes
-act directly through a secondary messenger

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7
Q

five classes of chemical messengers

A

cholinergic
amino acid
adrenergic
peptidergic
steroid

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8
Q

the main cholinergic messenger

A

acetylcholine

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9
Q

two kinds of receptors for acetylcholine

A

muscarinic and nicotinic)

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10
Q

receptors on muscle neurons are called

A

nicotinic receptors

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11
Q

the message of ACh is initiated by

A

Ca+

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12
Q

when ____ concentration becomes more than ____the vesicles that contain ACh ____ with the ______ of the _____ and empty ACh into the ______

A

-Ca+
- 0.1
- fuse
- presynaptic membrane
- nerve cells
- synapse

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13
Q

ACh is removed form the receptor site by hydrolysis catalyzed by the enzyme _______

A

acetylcholinesterase

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13
Q

ACh is removed form the receptor site by

A

hydrolysis

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14
Q

this rapid removal allows nerves to transmit more than?

A

100 signals per second

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15
Q

acetylcholinesterase is inhibited irreversibly by the ______ in nerve gases and some ______

A

-phosphonates
- Pesticides (ChemCom 24b)

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16
Q

acetylcholine is inhibited by these two compounds;

A

succinylcholine, decamethonium bromide

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17
Q

ACh enables ______ to open and propagate signals, these channels are called____

A

-ion channels
-Ligand-gated ion channels

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18
Q

nicotine in low doses is a

A

stimulant

19
Q

nicotine in high doses is an

A

antagonist

20
Q

examples of excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glu, Asp, Cys

21
Q

2 EXAMPLES OF AMINO ACID MESSENGERS

A

excitatory neurotransmitter
inhibitory neurotransmitter

21
Q

examples of inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Gly, Taurine, Alanine, Aminobutyric acid(GABA)

22
Q

glu has at least how many subclasses of receptors?

A

5

22
Q

they reduce neurotransmission, examples are Gly,Taurine, Alanine, Aminobutyric acid(GABA)

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

23
Q

best known subclasses of receptor in Glu (amino acid)

A

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor

24
Q

what type of receptor is the NMDA

A

ligand ion gated channel

25
Q

NMDA or Glu is closed by which ion?

A

Mg2+

26
Q

4 monoamines, these monoamines transmit signals by mechanism whose beginning is similar to the action of acetylcholine

A

Epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

27
Q

-it activates G protein hydrolyzes GTP

-The energy of hydrolysis activates adenylate cyclase

A

norepinephrine

28
Q

when norepinephrine is absorbed onto the receptor site;

A

-it activates G protein hydrolyzes GTP

-The energy of hydrolysis activates adenylate cyclase

29
Q

is synthesized in cells from ATP

A

cAMP

30
Q

3 cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

-ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
-CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE
-PYROPHOSPHATE

31
Q

protein that blocks the channel ion flow

A

The catalytic unit phosphorylates the ion- translocating

32
Q

the protein that changes it’s chape and position and opens the gate

A

phosphorylated ion-translocating protein

33
Q

2 adrenergic neurotransmitters

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

34
Q

receptors that are found in the respiratory tract

A

H1

35
Q

receptors that are found in the stomach

A

h2

36
Q

the body inactivates monoamines by ______ to an aldehyde

A

oxidation

37
Q

the body inactivates monoamines by oxidation to an aldehyde, catalyzed by ______

A

monoamine oxidases

38
Q

the first brain peptides isolated were the _____

A

enkephalins

39
Q

all peptidergic messengers, hormones and neurotransmitter act through

A

secondary messengers

39
Q

are present in certain nerve cell terminals

A

pentapeptides

40
Q

these uses membrane- derived phosphatidylinositol (PI) derivatives

A

vasopressin

41
Q

vasopressin uses membrane-derived

A

phosphatidylinositol (PI) derivatives

41
Q

these use the G-protein in a adenylate cyclase cascade

A

-Glucagon
-Luteinizing hormone, antidiuretic hormone, angiotensin, enkephalin, and substance P

42
Q

large numbers of hormones are_____

A

steroids

43
Q

steroid hormones are ____ therefore, cross the plasma membranes through diffusion

A

hydrophobic

44
Q

steroid messengers are located in the

A

nucleus

45
Q

once inside the nucleus, the steroid-receptor complex can either bind directly to DNA or combine with a transcription factor

A

biochemistry (19 decks)

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