Theme 3 - Water

Question 1

definitions

water security

Question 2

definitions

water insecurity

Question 3

definitions

water surplus

Question 4

definitions

water deficit

Question 5

definitions

freshwater

Question 6

definitions

saline water

Question 7

definitions

precipitation

Question 8

definitions

virtual water

Question 9

definitions

water footprint

Question 10

world water distribution percentages

Answer 10

97%: saline
2%: stored as ice
0.6%: groundwater

Question 11

definitions

artesian basin

Question 12

definitions

aquifer

Question 13

traditional water supplies

Answer 13

• surface flowing freshwaters e.g. rivers
• surface stored freshwater e.g. reservoirs
• groundwater wells
• groundwater boreholes
• aquifers

Question 14

definitions

rainwater harvesting

Question 15

definitions

reclaimed water

Question 16

definitions

greywater

Question 17

examples of water use

Answer 17

• industrial uses (textiles, steel making)
• HEP
• sewage
• drinking
• food production
• irrigation
• habitat

Question 18

definitions

dam

Answer 18

a barrier that holds back water and prevents flow of excess water to specific regions

Question 19

definitions

reservoir

Answer 19

depressions in the landscape/human-built depressions used to store water

usually found behind dams

Question 20

definitions

wells & boreholes

Answer 20

holes that take water from underground aquifers

Question 21

difference between well & bore hole

Answer 21

wells are large in diameter, boreholes are small in diameter

wells can be dug by hand or machinery, boreholes must be dug with machinery

Question 22

definitions

aquifers

Answer 22

a layer of permeable or porous rock that contains water / water can pass through

Question 23

definitions

desalination

Answer 23

the process of removing salt from seawater so it meets potable standards

Question 24

desalination

advantages

Answer 24

• doesnt affect water level
• controversial reservoir plans could be stopped
• helps countries with water scarcity e.g. middle eastern countries

Question 25

desalination

disadvantages

Answer 25

• from seawater & plants -> very expensive to obtain
• does not apply to poorer countries

Question 26

CASE STUDY: Water Supply in SINGAPORE

Introduction

Answer 26

• country in south east asia
• obtains its water from its 4 national taps to meet high demand

Question 27

CASE STUDY: Water Supply in SINGAPORE

National Tap 1: Local Catchment

Answer 27

• 2/3 of Singapore’s land surface os catchment area
• Marina, Serangoon, Punggol Reservoirs
• Expansive network of canals, rivers and sewers

Question 28

CASE STUDY: Water Supply in SINGAPORE

National Tap 2: Imported Water

Answer 28

• 1962 water agreement: Singapore gets 250 million gallons of water from Johor river ever day

Question 29

CASE STUDY: Water Supply in SINGAPORE

National Tap 3: NEWater

Answer 29

• treated wastewater
• unique to Singapore
• exceeds international standards
• passed over 150,000 chemical tests

Question 30

CASE STUDY: Water Supply in SINGAPORE

National Tap 4: Desalinated Water

Answer 30

• 5 Desalination plants
• SingSpring: largest seawater reverse-osmosis plant in Asia
• two plants alone can meet 25% of singapore’s current demand