Theme 3 - Water Flashcards
definitions
water security
definitions
water insecurity
definitions
water surplus
definitions
water deficit
definitions
freshwater
definitions
saline water
definitions
precipitation
definitions
virtual water
definitions
water footprint
world water distribution percentages
97%: saline
2%: stored as ice
0.6%: groundwater
definitions
artesian basin
definitions
aquifer
traditional water supplies
- surface flowing freshwaters e.g. rivers
- surface stored freshwater e.g. reservoirs
- groundwater wells
- groundwater boreholes
- aquifers
definitions
rainwater harvesting
definitions
reclaimed water
definitions
greywater
examples of water use
- industrial uses (textiles, steel making)
- HEP
- sewage
- drinking
- food production
- irrigation
- habitat
definitions
dam
a barrier that holds back water and prevents flow of excess water to specific regions
definitions
reservoir
depressions in the landscape/human-built depressions used to store water
usually found behind dams
definitions
wells & boreholes
holes that take water from underground aquifers
difference between well & bore hole
wells are large in diameter, boreholes are small in diameter
wells can be dug by hand or machinery, boreholes must be dug with machinery
definitions
aquifers
a layer of permeable or porous rock that contains water / water can pass through
definitions
desalination
the process of removing salt from seawater so it meets potable standards
desalination
advantages
- doesnt affect water level
- controversial reservoir plans could be stopped
- helps countries with water scarcity e.g. middle eastern countries
desalination
disadvantages
- from seawater & plants -> very expensive to obtain
- does not apply to poorer countries
CASE STUDY: Water Supply in SINGAPORE
Introduction
- country in south east asia
- obtains its water from its 4 national taps to meet high demand
CASE STUDY: Water Supply in SINGAPORE
National Tap 1: Local Catchment
- 2/3 of Singapore’s land surface os catchment area
- Marina, Serangoon, Punggol Reservoirs
- Expansive network of canals, rivers and sewers
CASE STUDY: Water Supply in SINGAPORE
National Tap 2: Imported Water
- 1962 water agreement: Singapore gets 250 million gallons of water from Johor river ever day
CASE STUDY: Water Supply in SINGAPORE
National Tap 3: NEWater
- treated wastewater
- unique to Singapore
- exceeds international standards
- passed over 150,000 chemical tests
CASE STUDY: Water Supply in SINGAPORE
National Tap 4: Desalinated Water
- 5 Desalination plants
- SingSpring: largest seawater reverse-osmosis plant in Asia
- two plants alone can meet 25% of singapore’s current demand
