Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > Theme 2 - Earthquakes and Volcanoes > Flashcards

Theme 2 - Earthquakes and Volcanoes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

plate boundary / margin

A

The point where two or more plates meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

crust

A

the solid rock layer that forms the outermost layer of a planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mantle

A

the thick, mostly solid layer of Earth that sits between the crust and the core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

outer core

A

the liquid layer of the Earth’s core, located between the mantle and the inner core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

inner core

A

the innermost layer of the Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

convection current

A

heat driven cycles that drive the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates in the planet’s mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

lithosphere

A

the solid, rigid, outermost layer of the Earth, made up of the crust and the upper mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

subduction zone

A

where two tectonic plates collide and one slides beneath the other, diving back into the mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

oceanic crust

A

the part of the crust that makes up the seafloor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

continental crust

A

the part of the crust that makes up the continents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

role of friction in tectonics

A

tectonic plates can shift and grind against each other, snagging on each other due to friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

destructive plate boundary

A

involves an oceanic plate and a continental plate

moving towards each other

oceanic plate subducts as it is more dense

earthquakes occur along subduction zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

collision plate boundary

A

continental + continental

neither can subduct as they are same density

buckle upwards, forming fold mountains

earthquakes occur due to friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

constructive plate boundary

A

also known as divergent

oceanic + oceanic

moving apart

magma rises through the gap in crust, forming volcanic islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

rift valley

A

a lowland region that forms where Earth’s tectonic plates move apart, or rift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hot spot

A

a magma plume that forms in the middle of a plate, causing it to melt and rising through the crust, forming a volcanic island

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

conservative plate boundary

A
  • any two types of plate
  • moving alongside each other
  • different directions + different speeds
  • plates lock together due to friction
  • pressure builds, rock eventually snaps
  • sudden snapping rock + release of pressure causes earthquake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

magnitude

A

size of an earthquake measured on a number scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

seismic wave

A

vibrations in the Earth that are caused by seismic activity

such as earthquakes + volcanic eruptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

epicentre

A

the point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

focus

A

where the earthquake originates, deep in the crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

richter scale

A

measures magnitude of earthquakes from 1 to 9

9 is highest, 1 is lowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

mercalli scale

A

measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

distribution of earthquakes

A
  • predominantly on coasts
  • pacific ring of fire
  • along plate boundaries
25
Q

primary hazards of earthquakes

A
  • collapsing buildings
  • transport / infrastructure damage
  • death by crushing
26
Q

secondary hazards of earthquakes

A
  • tsunamis
  • soil salinity
  • fires from broken pipes
  • further collapse of buildings
27
Q

PPP

prediction (before event)

A

the act of estimating when and where a natural hazard will occur

28
Q

PPP

preparation

A

a set of actions taken to reduce the impact of a potential disaster

29
Q

PPP

protection/planning

A

precautions put in place to reduce the impact of a potential disaster

30
Q

Methods of earthquake PREDICTION

A

**hard to achieve **
- texts/tv warnings
- studying patterns
- strange animal behaviour
- drop/rise in groundwater levels

31
Q

Earthquake PROTECTION - building regulations

A
  • automated shutters
  • evacuation zones
  • rubber shock absorbers on foundations
  • deep foundations
  • lattice frame structure
  • reinforced bridges
  • raised roads
32
Q

earthquake PREPARATION

A
  • emergency rucksacks
  • drills
  • evacuation plans
  • education on risks
33
Q

RRR

Relief

A

emergency aid -> at the site of natural disaster very quickly

34
Q

RRR

Recovery

A

long term aid

35
Q

RRR

Response

A

Using data from an incident to ensure less damage will occur next time

36
Q

volcano features

magma chamber

A

a large underground pool of molten rock, or magma, that sits beneath the Earth’s surface

37
Q

volcano features

vent

A

the opening at the top of a volcano where magma, lava, ash, and other materials erupt onto the Earth’s surface

38
Q

volcano features

secondary vent

A

a smaller passageway in a volcano that allows magma to escape when the main vent is blocked

usually on one of the flanks of the volcano

39
Q

volcano features

crater

A

a bowl-shaped depression that forms at the top of a volcano

40
Q

volcano features

lava

A

formed when magma (molten rock) from the mantle reaches the surface and cools to form lava

41
Q

volcano features

magma

A

a molten rock mixture

42
Q

volcano types

stratovolcano / composite

A
  • alternating layers of lava and ash
  • convergent plate boundaries
  • pyroclastic flow, not lava
  • steep sides
  • thick lava consistency -> immediately solidifies
43
Q

volcano types

shield volcano

A
  • hot spots
  • thin lava consistency
  • lava spreads far and wide before solidifing, forming gentle sides
  • divergent plate boundaries
  • low, gentle slopes
  • frequent but gentle eruptions
44
Q

volcanic activity

active

A

liable to erupt

45
Q

volcanic activity

dormant

A

has not erupted for many years

46
Q

volcanic activity

extinct

A

has not erupted in thousands or millions of years

47
Q

Distribution of volcanoes

A
  • destructive and constructive plate boundaries
  • around the pacific ring of fire
  • can be found on hot spots, such as hawaii
48
Q

primary volcanic hazards

A
  • lava
  • ash fall
  • pyroclastic flows
  • toxic gases
  • volcanic bombs
49
Q

secondary volcanic hazards

A
  • poor air quality -> respiratory problems
  • disruption of infrastructure
  • disruption of sanitation
  • fires
50
Q

volcanic PREDICTION methods

A
  • steam / gas emission
  • tilt meters on slopes of volcano
  • thermal monitors
  • studying patterns
51
Q

volcanic PROTECTION methods

A
  • bombing lava flows
  • diversion walls for lava flow
  • digging ditches
52
Q

volcanic PREPARATION methods

A
  • emergency rucksacks
  • drills
  • evacuation plans
  • education on risks
53
Q

benefits/opportunities of living in volcanic zones

A
  • geothermal energy + heating
  • fertile soil from ash fall
  • tourism -> employment
54
Q

CASE STUDY: Türkiye-Syria Earthquake 2023

Introduction

A
  • 6th February 2023
  • Conservative plate boundary
  • 100 mile fault slip
  • two quakes: 7.8 +7.5, 9 hours apart
55
Q

CASE STUDY: Türkiye-Syria Earthquake 2023

Causes

A
  • anatolian + arabian plates forced together due to convection currents
  • moving in diff directions at diff speeds -> conservative plate boundary
  • pressure builds due to friction
  • pressure causes rock to snap along fault line
  • snapping rock occurs at focus (18km deep first quake + 10km deep second quake)
  • sudden plate movement + release of pressure causes earthquake
56
Q

CASE STUDY: Türkiye-Syria Earthquake 2023

Impacts

A
  • 6500 cholera cases due to contaminated water
  • 115 schools damaged (Syria)
  • 1.5 mil homeless in T, 6 mil in S
  • 34500 apartments destroyed
  • 50,000 dead in T, 6,000 in S
  • 115,000 injured in T, 15,000 in S
  • 4 million buildings damaged
57
Q

CASE STUDY: Cumbre Vieja Eruption 2021

Introduction

A
  • a volcano on spanish island la palma in the canary islands
  • erupted between 19 September + 13th December 2021
58
Q

CASE STUDY: Cumbre Vieja Eruption 2021

Causes

A
  • located on a hot spot (magma plume in middle of a plate, causing crust to melt and seep through cracks to reach surface)
  • located on african plate, moves 2-3cm a year
  • build up of magma swelled a week before eruption
59
Q

CASE STUDY: Cumbre Vieja Eruption 2021

Impacts

A

-7,000 forced to evacuate homes
- 1,300 homes destroyed in lava flow
- churches, schools etc destroyed
- farmland + banana plantations destroyed
- size of island increased -> lava flowed into ocean
- flights cancelled, tourist resorts closed -> affected local economy

Geography (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions