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Geography > Theme 1 - Population > Flashcards

Theme 1 - Population Flashcards

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1
Q

birth rate

A

total number of births per 1000 people

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2
Q

death rate

A

total number of deaths per 1000 people

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3
Q

fertility rate

A

average number of births each female would have during her reproductive years

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4
Q

mean years of schooling

A

average number of completed years of education in a population

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5
Q

overpopulation

A

when there are too many people and not enough resources for a high standard of living

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6
Q

underpopulation

A

when there are not enough people to fully exploit the available resources

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7
Q

optimum population

A

when the population of a country is fully utilising its available resources for the highest standard of living possible

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8
Q

carrying capacity

A

number of people who can live in a region of country before over-crowding leads to the deterioration in the standard of living and depletion of resources

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9
Q

population ceiling

A

saturation level where the population equals the carrying capacity

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10
Q

population distribution

A

the pattern of where people live

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11
Q

population density

A

average number of people living in an area per km^2

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12
Q

population growth rate

A

difference between birth and death rate

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13
Q

natural increase

(In population)

A

when the number of births exceeds the number of deaths

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14
Q

number decrease

A

when the number of deaths exceeds the number of births

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15
Q

causes of falling birth rates

A
  • availability of contraception
  • more women working
  • girls are educated, marry later
  • reduction of infant mortality
  • increased family planning education
  • less need for children as a labour source
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16
Q

causes of falling death rates

A
  • healthcare improvements
  • increased availability of medicine + doctors
  • better food quality
  • better water sources
  • improved sanitation + hygeine
  • reduction of wars and conflicts
17
Q

stages of the demographic transition model

A

Stage 1: high birth and death rates, population growth rate is low. Health conditions are poor and child mortality rates are high

Stage 2: countries industrialise and healthcare + sanitation improve. death rates decline, birth rates remain high. There is a rapid increase in population growth rate.

Stage 3: industrialisation continues and education levels rise. birth rates decline, death rates remain low. Slow growth rate and a stable population size.

18
Q

CASE STUDY: Rapid population growth in Niger

Introduction

A
  • Niger is a country in West Africa
  • Has increased from 3 million to 25 million since 1960
  • high birth rare and decreasing death rate
19
Q

CASE STUDY: Rapid population growth in Niger

Causes

A
  • increased urbanisation -> better healthcare and food supply
  • better clean water supply
  • government policies to improve farming
  • free healthcare for pregnant women -> mother and baby survival rates improved
20
Q

CASE STUDY: Rapid population growth in Niger

Impacts

A
  • large dependent population (15 years and below)
  • increased pressure on schools + healthcare services
  • increased rural->urban migration seeking work -> development of slums and illegal settlements
  • food shortages
21
Q

CASE STUDY: Rapid population growth in Niger

Management

A
  • abolishment of child marriages
  • improving education access
  • improving healthcare access
  • increased family planning education
  • married and/or pregnant women can still go to school
22
Q

Impacts of Overpopulation

A
  • pollution levels increased
  • crime rates
  • unemployment
  • food shortages
  • pressure on services e.g. schools and hospitals
23
Q

CASE STUDY: Overpopulation in Nigeria

Introduction

A

Nigeria is a country in West Africa
- has many resources like oil, gas, iron ore and zinc
- however, these are mostly owned by foreign companies
- therefore, not enough resources to support the population

24
Q

CASE STUDY: Overpopulation in Nigeria

Causes

A
  • high fertility rate: 5.5 children per women
  • large families are traditionally + religiously valued
  • children used as economic assets
  • lack of family planning education and contraception
  • decreasing death rate + increased life expectancy
25
Q

CASE STUDY: Overpopulation in Nigeria

Impacts

A
  • lack of fresh water: diseases such as cholera
  • increased water, air and land pollution
  • increased cultivation of land for food -> soil erosion and desertification
  • increased pressure on poor services
  • high crime rates
  • high youth unemployment due to gang activity
  • development of illegal settlements such as slums
26
Q

CASE STUDY: Underpopulation in Australia

Introduction

A
  • Australia has one of the lowest population densities in the world
  • rich in natural resources such as natural gas, oil, gold, uranium
  • has more resources than it uses, etra resources are exported
27
Q

CASE STUDY: Underpopulation in Australia

Causes

A
  • late average age of giving birth (29.6)
  • low birth rate
  • average age: 37 yrs
  • outback is resource rich
  • land under treaty protection (aboriginal heritage)
  • hot climate
28
Q

CASE STUDY: Underpopulation in Australia

Impacts

A
  • ageing population + more elderly dependents: taxes increase
  • closure of schools + hospitals due to low use
  • ageing population: less children enrolled in schools each year
29
Q

CASE STUDY: ‘One Child Policy’ in China

Introduction

A
  • China is a country in Asia
  • Due to overpopulation, the government implemented a policy that allowed for families to only have 1 child
30
Q

CASE STUDY: ‘One Child Policy’ in China

Incentives

A
  • longer maternity leave
  • free medical care
  • cash bonuses
  • better child care
  • preferential housing arrangements
  • free education
  • better employment opportunities
31
Q

CASE STUDY: ‘One Child Policy’ in China

Disincentives

A
  • monitoring by ‘granny police’
  • fired from jobs
  • received fines
  • pressured abortions and sterilisations
32
Q

CASE STUDY: ‘One Child Policy’ in China

Impacts

A
  • unbalanced male/female ratio due to preference for male children
  • over 30 million more men than women
  • decrease in population growth rate
  • aging population
33
Q

CASE STUDY: ‘One Child Policy’ in China

Methods

A
  • propaganda promoting one child
  • increased access to contraceptives
  • no payment for education/healthcare for second child
  • promotion of late marriages
  • abortion legalised
34
Q

CASE STUDY: Ageing Population in Japan

Introduction

A
  • Japan is a country in Asia
  • one third of the population are over 60yrs
  • 12% are over 75
35
Q

CASE STUDY: Ageing Population in Japan

Causes

A
  • low birth rate (7.1 per 1000 people)
  • low fertility rate (1.36 per woman)
36
Q

CASE STUDY: Ageing Population in Japan

Impacts

A
  • Shortage of Workers (more people reitring, no one to replace them)
  • Closure of Services
  • Higher taxes (pensions, healthcare)
  • Shortage of elderly care workers
  • School closures due to fewer children (450 per year)
  • Economy doesnt grow due to lack of workers
  • standard of living falls
37
Q

Factors affecting population density + distribution

A
  • employment: people want to live where there are jobs
  • water supply: densely populated areas have good, clean water
  • Industry: people want to live where they can work
  • Transport: people want good transport links to commute, goods, trade etc
  • Climate: temperate climates have high density
  • Relief: flat areas are densely population as they are easy to build on
38
Q

CASE STUDY: Population distribution in China

Population Distribution in China

A
  • western areas are sparsely populated due to mountainous ranges
  • desert areas, such as Gobi are sparsely populated
  • coastal areas are densely populated, major cities are central to the industry
  • areas with good communication links are densely populated
  • large cities (e.g. Beijing) have mild climate, get ocean breeze

Geography (16 decks)

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