Theme 1 - Settlement - Urban Settlements Flashcards
urban
a built-up area like a town or city
rural
a countryside area with a low population density and lots of open space
traits of the CBD
- multi storey buildings
- expensive land
- high building density
- lack of open space
- shops, such as department stores
traits of the industrial inner city / twilight zone
- used to be factories, now have been relocated to suburbs
- terraced housing
- low cost housing
- low order goods and services
- poorest urban population
traits of the inner suburbs
- semi detached housing
- tree lined streets
- bay windows
- front and back windows
- back gardens
traits of working class housing
- on cheap land
- old 20th century terraced housing
- poor building quality
- high building density
inner city
traits of middle class housing
suburbs
- semi detached
- front and back gardens
- garages
- bay windows
- balconies
traits of high class housing
- better quality housing
- larger gardens
- larger houses
- detahced
- double garages
- low building density
- high cost housing
rural-urban fringe
traits of the rural-urban fringe
- detached housing
- front and back gardens
- off street parking
- more open space
- high cost housing
- golf courses and farms
burgess model
concentric model
- concentric
- states all settlements grow outwards from the CBD
- in rings, equally in all directions
- core -> inner city ring -> suburban ring -> urban fringe
hoyt model
sector model
- developed after introduction of public transport routes
- claimed that land develops in sectors along main transport routes
ullman and harris model
multiple nuclei model
- most similar to a modern city
- multiple central areas
greenfield site
previously undeveloped sites on the edges of cities, when they are developed on this is urban sprawl
brownfield site
derelict manufacturing sites that can be redeveloped
greenbelt / green zone
a protected area of undeveloped or agricultural land that surrounds a town or city
redevelopment
buildings are demolished and replaced
gentrification
the process where a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in:
- improving housing
- attracting new businesses
- displacing current inhabitants in the process.
housing density
the number of dwellings or residential units in a specific geographic area or on a particular site
multiple deprivation
a measure of the relative lack of access to services and consumer items in a given area
urban decay
the deterioration and decline of urban areas, often characterized by dilapidated buildings, infrastructure, and social problems.
urban problems
air pollution causes
the exhaust of cars and factories
urban problems
causes of noise pollution
the noise from cars, construction sites
urban problems
causes of water pollution
industrial discharges, residential wastewater, trash, traffic
urban problems
causes of poor aesthetics / urban decay
- population loss
- lack of investment
- poor urban planning -> neglected spaces
- economic decline
- suburbanisation
- urban-rural migration
urban problems
problems with out of town shopping centres
can cause traffic congestion and overcrowding in areas that cannot manage it
literacy rate
The proportion of the adult population aged 15 years and over which is literate
doctors per 1000
the number of practicing physicians per 1,000 residents in a country
solutions to urban problems
greener transport
electric vehicles and public transport, helping to reduce pollution and global warming
solutions to urban problems
urban greening
the incorporation of green spaces and elements into urban environments and infrastructure, such as streets, cities, roofs and walls
CASE STUDY: Land use by zone and effect of changes in BRISTOL
Introduction
- One of the UK’s core 10 cities
- Near border of South Wales
- 2.5 hours from London on train
- currently population 440,500
- expected to reach 500,000 by 2030
CASE STUDY: Land use by zone and effect of changes in BRISTOL
Causes
- WW2: Avonmouth + Royal Potbury ports bombed
- 40% of inner city is covered in railway tracks
- New arena seating 4,000 built to attract events
- out-of-town shopping centre Cribbs Causeway has reduced city pedestrians
- railway line to London has been electrified due to pollution
CASE STUDY: Land use by zone and effect of changes in BRISTOL
Impacts
- made a name for itself in art and animation e.g. banksy + wallace & gromit
- integration of electric trains and cycle routes
- 30% of city is now green space
- 9000 jobs created due to green economy
- airport ‘poo bus’ runs on methane from human waste rather than fossil fuels
- won Europe’s green capital award in 2015
CASE STUDY: Urban Challenges in BRISTOL
Introduction
- One of the UK’s core 10 cities
- Near border of South Wales
- 2.5 hours from London on train
- currently population 440,500
- expected to reach 500,000 by 2030
CASE STUDY: Urban Challenges in BRISTOL
Causes
- suffered deindustrialisation in 50s-80s due to loss of facilities in WW2
- WW2: Lost 3,200 homes and 1,800 were damaged
- surrounding green space is protected, so cannot be built on as greenfield sites
- 2016-2019: Bristol had highest traffic congestion in the UK
CASE STUDY: Urban Challenges in BRISTOL
Impacts
- 200 premature deaths due to air pollution per year
- Filwood (inner city area): high teenage pregnancy rate + 62% feel unsafe at night
- Harry & Bradley Stoke suburban areas have increased flooding in the city
- one of theyoungest and most multicultural populations in the UK
- average age bristol: 32.4
- average age UK: 40.3
CASE STUDY: Urban Challenges in BRISTOL
Responses
- Queen’s square converted from dual carriageway to cycle paths
- fleet of 77 poo buses around the city -> reducing fossil fuels
- 2022: safer streets funding in Hartcliffe for CCTV cameras and better street lighting
CASE STUDY: Urban Sprawl in BRISTOL
Introduction
- One of the UK’s core 10 cities
- Near border of South Wales
- 2.5 hours from London on train
- currently population 440,500
- expected to reach 500,000 by 2030
CASE STUDY: Urban Sprawl in BRISTOL
Causes
- limited in directions due to Cotswolds, Mendip Hills + River Avon
- 1,200 new houses built at Harry Stoke, 2,000 more planned
- Cribbs Causeway out of town shopping centre built at M4 and M5 junction
- little control over sprawl as 95% of its greenbelt is controlled by external authorities
CASE STUDY: Urban Sprawl in BRISTOL
Impacts
- 2016-2019: second highest rate of congestion in UK
- 200 premature deaths due to air pollution
- Cabot Circus, a CBD shopping centre, stuggles to compete with Cribbs Causeway
- Bristol has a young population (avg 32.4 yrs) due to lack of family housing available
CASE STUDY: Urban Sprawl in BRISTOL
Responses
- Investment in green transport to reduce air pollution
- Yobikes are 1 pound per day to rent
- 30,000 homes planned to be built on greenfield sites
- inner city is being redeveloped to attract young people to live on brownfield sites
- new bristol arena is on a brownfield site -> expected to create 580 jobs
