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Medical Terminology > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

primary functions of the kidneys

A

filter the blood to remove waste products, maintain electrolyte concentrations and remove excess water to maintain the fluid volume within the body

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2
Q

primary function of the renal pelvis

A

collects urine produced by the kidneys

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3
Q

primary function of urine

A

liquid waste products to be excreted

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4
Q

primary function of ureters

A

transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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5
Q

primary function of the urinary bladder

A

stores urine until it is excreted

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6
Q

primary function of the urethra

A

transports urine from the bladder through the urethral meatus, where it is excreted

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7
Q

primary functions of the prostate

A

a gland of the male reproductive system that surrounds the male urethra. disorders of this gland can disrupt the flow of urine

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8
Q

nephr/o, ren/o

A

kidneys

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9
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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10
Q

ur/o, urin/o

A

urine

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11
Q

ureter/o

A

ureters

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12
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder

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13
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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14
Q

prostat/o

A

prostate

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15
Q

-cele

A

hernia, tumor, swelling

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16
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid

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17
Q

dia-

A

through, between, apart, complete

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18
Q

-ectasis

A

stretching, dilation, enlargement

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19
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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20
Q

lith/o

A

stone, calculus

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21
Q

-lysis

A

breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening

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22
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

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23
Q

-tripsy

A

crush

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24
Q

ur/o

A

urine, urinary tract

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25
Q

-uria

A

urination, urine

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26
Q

homeostasis

A

the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

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27
Q

primary functions of the urinary system (3)

A

maintaining the proper balance of water, salts and acids in the body, constantly filtering the blood to remove urea, creatine, uric acid, converts waste products and excess fluids into urine

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28
Q

urinary system consists of these body parts: (4)

A

two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, one urethra,

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29
Q

renal cortex

A

the outer region of the kidney; this layer contains more than million microscopic units called nephrons

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30
Q

medulla

A

the inner region of the kidney; it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules

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31
Q

nephrons

A

the microscopic functional units of the kidney; here urine is produced through filtration, reabsorption and secretion

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32
Q

glomerulus

A

a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane within each nephron

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33
Q

renal pelvis

A

a funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla; this is where urine from the nephrons collects before it flows into the ureters

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34
Q

ureters

A

are two narrow 10-12 inch tubes; which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

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35
Q

ureteral orifices

A

located within the wall of the urinary bladder; orifices means opening

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36
Q

urinary bladder

A

an oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body

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37
Q

urethra

A

the tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body

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38
Q

urethral meatus

A

the external opening of the urethra

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39
Q

prostate gland

A

part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra

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40
Q

urination

A

the normal process of excreting urine; requires the coordinated contraction of the bladder muscles and relaxation of the sphincters, which forces the urine through the urethra and out through the urethral meatus

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41
Q

nephrologist

A

a physician who specialized in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys

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42
Q

urologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

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43
Q

nephropathy

A

any disease of the kidney

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44
Q

renal failure

A

aka kidney failure; the inability of one or both kidneys to perform their functions; when too many irreplaceable nephrons are destroyed

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45
Q

azotemia

A

an elevation of the blood urea nitrogen caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney

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46
Q

uremia

A

aka uremic poisoning; a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which urea and other waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood

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47
Q

acute renal failure

A

sudden onset and is characterized by uremia; caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration or a sudden drop in blood volume

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48
Q

chronic kidney disease

A

the progressive loss of renal function over months or years

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49
Q

end-stage renal disease

A

the final stage of chronic kidney disease, this condition is fatal unless the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis or successful kidney transplant

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50
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

a group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine; results in abnormally low levels of protein in the blood

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51
Q

edema

A

excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues; swelling can be found around the eyes, abdomen or legs and feet

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52
Q

hyperproteinuria

A

the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

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53
Q

hypoproteinuria

A

the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood

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54
Q

hydronephrosis

A

the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys; can be caused by backing up of urine due to an obstruction or narrowing in the ureter

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55
Q

nephritis

A

an inflammation of the kidney; common causes are toxins, infection or an autoimmune disease

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56
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

a type of nephritis caused by the inflammation of the glomeruli

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57
Q

nephroptosis

A

aka floating kidney; the prolapse or dropping down of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands

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58
Q

nephropyosis

A

suppuration of the kidney; suppuration means the formation or discharge of pus

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59
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

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60
Q

renal colic

A

an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a nephrolith

61
Q

wilms tumor

A

a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children

62
Q

stone

A

aka calculus; an abnormal deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located

63
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

the presence of stones in the kidney

64
Q

nephrolith

A

aka kidney stone

65
Q

ureterolith

A

stone located anywhere along the ureter

66
Q

cystolith

A

a stone located within the urinary bladder

67
Q

hydroureter

A

the distention(swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked

68
Q

ureterectasis

A

the distention(swelling) of a ureter due to hydroureter or congenital abnormalities

69
Q

ureterorrhagia

A

the discharge of blood from the ureter

70
Q

cystalgia

A

pain in the bladder

71
Q

cystocele

A

aka prolapsed bladder, a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall

72
Q

interstitial cystitis

A

a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

73
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

the backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder; most common in children

74
Q

vesicovaginal fistula

A

an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina

75
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

a urinary problem caused by interference with normal nerve pathways associated with urination; normal urinary function depends on nerves to sense when the bladder is full and to control the muscles that retain or allow bladder to empty

76
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than 50; making urination difficult

77
Q

prostatism

A

a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia

78
Q

prostate cancer

A

one of the most common cancers among men; disease grows slowly with no symptoms then grows aggressively and spreads throughout the body

79
Q

prostatitis

A

a group of disorders characterized by the inflammation of the prostate gland

80
Q

urethrorrhagia

A

bleeding from the urethra

81
Q

urethrorrhea

A

an abnormal discharge from the urethra

82
Q

urethrostenosis

A

narrowing of the urethra

83
Q

epispadias

A

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening; in the male the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of then penis; in the female the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris

84
Q

hypospadias

A

a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening; in the male the urethral opening is on the ventral surface; in the female the urethra opens into the vagina

85
Q

urinary tract infection

A

begins in the bladder; caused by bacteria, most often E.coli entering the urinary system

86
Q

cystitis

A

an inflammation of the bladder

87
Q

pyelonephritis

A

an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and kidney

88
Q

urethritis

A

an inflammation of the urethra

89
Q

anuria

A

the absence of urine formation by the kidneys

90
Q

diuresis

A

the increased output of urine

91
Q

dysuria

A

is difficult or painful urination

92
Q

enuresis

A

the involuntary discharge of urine

93
Q

nocturnal enuresis

A

urinary incontinence during sleep aka bed wetting

94
Q

nocturia

A

frequent and excessive urination during the night

95
Q

oliguria

A

means scanty urination caused by dehydration

96
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination and is a common symptom of diabetes

97
Q

urinary hesitancy

A

difficulty in starting a urinary stream; common in older men with enlarged prostate glands

98
Q

urinary retention

A

the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate

99
Q

incontinence

A

is the inability to control the excretion of urine, feces or both

100
Q

urinary incontinence

A

is the inability to control the voiding of urine

101
Q

stress incontinence

A

the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running or lifting

102
Q

overactive bladder

A

occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not full enough to indicate the need to urinate

103
Q

urinalysis

A

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

104
Q

bladder ultrasound

A

the use of handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate and to measure the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination

105
Q

urinary catheterization

A

the insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes

106
Q

cystoscopy

A

the visual examination of the urinary bladder with the use of a specialized type of endoscope

107
Q

voiding cystourethrography

A

a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra

108
Q

computed tomography

A

aka CT scan; a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because of its rapidness and additional imaging of the abdomen

109
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

a blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood

110
Q

cystography

A

is a radiographic, or x-ray examination of the bladder after a contrast medium in instilled via a urethral catheter

111
Q

intravenous pyelography

A

radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters

112
Q

KUB

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder-a radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium

113
Q

retrograde urography

A

a radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter

114
Q

digital rectal examination

A

performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement or indications of prostate cancer or tumors

115
Q

prostate-specific antigen(PSA) blood test

A

used to screen for prostate cancer; by measuring the amount of PSA present in a blood specimen

116
Q

diuretics

A

medications administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt

117
Q

dialysis

A

a procedure to remove waste products from a patient’s blood whose kidneys no longer function

118
Q

hemodialysis

A

the process where waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood

119
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood

120
Q

nephrolysis

A

the surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions

adhesion is a band of fibers that hold structures together abnormally

121
Q

nephropexy

A

aka nephrorrhaphy; the surgical fixation of nephroptosis or a floating kidney

122
Q

nephrostomy

A

the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body

123
Q

pyelotomy

A

a surgical incision into the renal pelvis to correct obstructions

124
Q

renal transplantation

A

aka kidney transplant

125
Q

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

the most common kidney stone treatment; high ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel are used to break the stone into fragments

126
Q

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

A

the surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back

127
Q

ureterectomy

A

the surgical removal of a ureter

128
Q

ureterorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing of ureter

129
Q

ureteroscopy

A

a treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter using a ureteroscope

130
Q

cystectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

131
Q

ileal conduit

A

the use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen

132
Q

cystopexy

A

the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

133
Q

cystorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder

134
Q

lithotomy

A

a surgical incision for the removal of a nephrolith from the bladder

135
Q

urinary catheterization

A

performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes

136
Q

indwelling catheter

A

remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need

137
Q

urethral catheterization

A

performed by inserting a catheter through the urethra and into the bladder

138
Q

suprapubic catheterization

A

the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

139
Q

foley catheter

A

the most common type of indwelling catheter; a flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place in the bladder

140
Q

intermittent catheter

A

inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder

141
Q

meatotomy

A

a surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening

142
Q

urethroplasty

A

the surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra

143
Q

urethrotomy

A

is a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture

144
Q

ablation

A

a treatment involving the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function through the use of surgery. hormones, drugs, heat chemicals or other methods

145
Q

prostatectomy

A

the surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland

146
Q

transurethral prostatectomy

A

the removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of an resectoscope

147
Q

retrograde ejaculation

A

when an orgasm results in semen flowing backward into the bladder instead of out of the penis

148
Q

kegel exercises

A

a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor

149
Q

bladder retraining

A

behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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