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Medical Terminology > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

primary function of Bones

A

the framework for the body, protects internal organs, and stores calcium
oste/o

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2
Q

primary function of Bone marrow

A

red bone marrow helps form red blood cells and yellow bone marrow stores fat
myel/o aka spinal cord

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3
Q

primary function of cartilage

A

creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones
chondr/o

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4
Q

primary function of Joints

A

work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible

arthr/o

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5
Q

primary functions of ligaments

A

connect one bone to another

ligament/o

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6
Q

primary function of synovial membrane

A

forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid

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7
Q

primary functions of Synovial fluid

A

lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible

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8
Q

primary functions of bursa

A

cushions area subject to friction during movement

burs/o

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9
Q

ankyl/o

A

crooked, bent, stiff

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10
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

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11
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

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12
Q

chindr/i, chondr/o

A

cartilage

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13
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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14
Q

crani/o

A

skull

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15
Q

-desis

A

to bind, tie together

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16
Q

kyph/o

A

bent, hump

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17
Q

lord/o

A

curve/ sway back/ bent

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18
Q

-lysis

A

loosening or setting free

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19
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord, bone marrow

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20
Q

oss/e. oss/i, oste/o

A

bone

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21
Q

scoli/o

A

bent, curved

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22
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

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23
Q

synovi/o

A

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

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24
Q

Name 5 important functions of the skeletal body system:

A

1) bones act as the framework
2) bones support and protect the internal organs
3) joints work with muscles, ligaments and tendons to make various body movements possible
4) calcium is stored in bones
5) red bone marrow is located in the spongy bone

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25
Q

Ossification

A

the process where a newborn’s fragile membrane and cartilage turns into bone
also repairs minor damage to the skeletal system

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26
Q

osteoclasts vs osteoblasts

A

osteoclasts break down old or damaged bone and osteoblasts help rebuild the bone

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27
Q

Periosteum

A

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of the bone

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28
Q

Compact bone

A

aka cortical bone; dense, hard, very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones

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29
Q

spongy bone

A

aka cancellous bone; is sponge-like, lighter and more fragile

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30
Q

medullary cavity

A

central cavity located in the shaft of long bones; here is where red and yellow bone marrow are stored
medullary means pertaining to inner section

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31
Q

endosteum

A

tissue that lines the medullary cavity
end means within
oste means bone

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32
Q

red bone marrow

A

is located within the spongy bone. a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells and thrombocytes

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33
Q

hemopoietic

A

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

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34
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

functions as a fat storage area; composed of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones

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35
Q

cartilage

A

smooth rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones

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36
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together, makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing together.

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37
Q

meniscus

A

curved , fibrous cartilage found in some joints

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38
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft of the long bone

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39
Q

epiphyses

A

wider ends of long bones; such as the femurs of the legs

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40
Q

foramen

A

an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass

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41
Q

process

A

a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon

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42
Q

joints

A

aka articulations; where two or more bones

are classified by their construction or the degree of movement they allow

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43
Q

fibrous joints

A

made of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together. aka sutures do not allow any movement

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44
Q

fontanelles

A

aka soft spots

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45
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

allow only slight movement and consists of bones connected entirely by cartilage

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46
Q

pubic symphysis

A

allows some movement; located between pubic bones and anterior of the pelvis

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47
Q

synovial joint

A

created where two joints come together to permit a variety of movement. Types of synovial joints:
ball and socket joints
hinge joints

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48
Q

components of synovial joints (5)

A

synovial capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, bursa

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49
Q

synovial capsule

A

outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue

resembles a sleeve

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50
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

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51
Q

synovial fluid

A

flows within synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant

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52
Q

ligaments

A

bands of fibrous tissue that form joints

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53
Q

bursa

A

a fibrous sac that acts a cushion to ease movement in areas subject to friction

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54
Q

axial skeleton

A

protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

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55
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction

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56
Q

skull

A

consists of the bones that form the cranium, face and bones in the middle ear

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57
Q

cranium

A

the portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain, these bones are joined by sutures

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58
Q

frontal bone

A

anterior portion of the cranium, forms the forehead

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59
Q

parietal bones

A

two of the largest bones of the skull, form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium

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60
Q

occipital bone

A

forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium

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61
Q

temporal bones

A

form the sides and base of the cranium

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62
Q

external auditory meatus

A

is the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear

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63
Q

sphenoid bone

A

an irregular wedge shaped bone that makes contact with all other cranial bones and forms the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, the floors and sides of the eye sockets

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64
Q

ethmoid bone

A

light spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose; separates the nasal cavity from the brain and forms a portion of the orbit
orbit means the bony socket

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65
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

three tiny bones located in each middle ear

known as the malleus, incus and stapes

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66
Q

nasal bones

A

form the upper part of the bridge of the nose

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67
Q

zygomatic bones

A

aka cheekbones; articulate with the frontal bone that makes the forehead

68
Q

maxillary bones

A

form most of the upper jaw

69
Q

palatine bones

A

form the anterior of the hard part of the mouth and floor of the nose

70
Q

lacrimal bones

A

make up part if the inner angle of the orbit

71
Q

inferior chonchae

A

tiny scroll-like bones form part of the interior of the nose

72
Q

vomer bone

A

forms the base of the nasal septum

73
Q

mandible

A

aka jawbone; only movable part of the skull

74
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

aka TMJ, where the mandible and skull attach

75
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

aka rib cage; bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
consists of ribs sternum, upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, not including arms

76
Q

ribs

A

aka costal; attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

77
Q

sternum

A

aka breast bone; a flat dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest

78
Q

manubrium

A

bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

79
Q

body of the sternum

A

aka gladiolus; bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

80
Q

xiphoid process

A

the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum

81
Q

pectoral girdle

A

the formation of the shoulders which supports the arms and hands aka shoulder girdle.

82
Q

clavicle

A

aka collar bone; slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula

83
Q

scapula

A

aka shoulder blade

84
Q

acromion

A

extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

85
Q

Parts of the arm (4)

A

humerus, radius, ulna, olecranon process

86
Q

humerus

A

the bone of the upper ar,

87
Q

radius

A

the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm

88
Q

ulna

A

the larger and longer bone of the forearm

89
Q

olecranon process

A

commonly known as the funny bone, a large projection on the upper end of the ulna

90
Q

carpals

A

the bones that forms the wrist

91
Q

metacarpals

A

the five bones that form the palms of the hand

92
Q

phalanges

A

the 14 bones of the fingers

93
Q

spinal column

A

aka vertebral column; protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body

94
Q

intervertebral disks

A

made of cartilage; separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other, also act as shock absorbers and allow movement in the spinal column

95
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

the first set of seven vertebrae, and they form the neck.
cervical means pertaining to the neck
aka c1-c7

96
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

aka T1-T12; each of the vertebrae have a pair of ribs attached to it, and form the outward curve of the spine

97
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

aka L1 TO L5; together form the inward curve of the lower spine, the largest and strongest of the vertebrae

98
Q

what are the last two vertebrae of the spine?

A

the coccyx and the saccrum

99
Q

sacrum

A

slightly curved triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine; forms the lower portion of the back

100
Q

coccyx

A

aka tailbone; forms the end of the spine

101
Q

pelvis

A

aka bony pelvis; protect internal organs and supports the lower extremities.

102
Q

ilium

A

the broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone

103
Q

sacroiliac

A

slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium

104
Q

ischium

A

forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone; bears the weight of the body when sitting

105
Q

pubis

A

forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone; located beneath the urinary bladder

106
Q

pubic symphysis

A

cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones; allows slight movement

107
Q

acetabulum

A

aka hip socket; large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis articulates the head of the femur to form the hip joint

108
Q

Femurs

A

largest bones in the body; aka thigh bones

109
Q

patella

A

aka kneecap; the bony anterior portion of the knee

110
Q

popliteal

A

describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located

111
Q

cruciate ligaments

A

make possible the movements of the knee

112
Q

The lower leg is made up of which bones (2)

A

tibia and fubula

113
Q

tibia

A

aka shinbone, the larger anterior weight bearing bone of the lower leg

114
Q

fibula

A

is the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg

115
Q

Each ankle is made up of seven short _______bones

A

tarsal

116
Q

malleolus

A

rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on sides of each ankle joint

117
Q

Talus

A

the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

118
Q

calcaneus

A

aka heel bone, the largest of the tarsal vones

119
Q

metatarsals

A

the 5 bones that form the part where the toes are attached

120
Q

Phalanges

A

toe bones

121
Q

Chiropractor

A

specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders origination from misalignment of the spine

122
Q

orthopedic surgeon

A

aka orthopedist; specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints and muscles

123
Q

osteopath

A

specializes in the treating health problems by the manipulation of the spine

124
Q

podiatrist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

125
Q

ankylosis

A

loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or surgical procedure

126
Q

adhesive capsulitis

A

aka frozen shoulder; painful ankylosis of the shoulder

127
Q

arthrosclerosis

A

stiffness of the joints

128
Q

baker’s cyst

A

aka popliteal cyst; fluid-filled sac behind the knee

129
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defect; occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to completely close around the spinal cord to protect it.

130
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine

131
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

132
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

133
Q

avascular necrosis

A

aka osteonecrosis; area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow

134
Q

craniostenosis

A

malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of cranial sutures

135
Q

osteitis

A

inflammation of the bone

136
Q

osteomalacia

A

abnormal softening of bones in adults aka adult rickets

137
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

138
Q

paget’s disease

A

chronic bone disease of unknown cause

usually in the pelvis, skull, spine and legs

139
Q

periostitis

A

an inflammation of the periosteum

140
Q

Rickets

A

deficiency disease occuring in children

-defective bone growth from lack of vitamin D and calcium

141
Q

short stature

A

aka dwarfism; condition resulting from the failure of bones of limbs to grow an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk

142
Q

talipes

A

aka clubfoot; any deformity of the foot involving the talus(ankle bone)

143
Q

Primary bone cancer

A

a rare malignant tumor that originates in bone

144
Q

secondary bone cancer

A

tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs such as breasts and lungs.

145
Q

myeloma

A

a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow
myel means bone marrow
oma means tumor

146
Q

osteochondroma

A

benign bony projection covered with cartilage
oste means bone
chondr means cartilage
oma means tumor

147
Q

osteoporosis

A

a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone prorosity
frequently associated with aging

148
Q

osteopenia

A

thinner-than-average bone density

149
Q

compression fracture

A

aka vertebral crush fracture; when the bone is pressed together on itself

150
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

aka fractured wrist; occurs at the lower end of the radius

151
Q

osteoporotic hip fracture

A

aka broken hip; usually caused by weakening of the bones; results in loss of function, mobility and independence or death

152
Q

fracture

A

is a broken bone described in terms of its complexity

153
Q

closed fracture

A

aka simple fracture or complete fracture; the bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin

154
Q

open fracture

A

aka compound fracture; bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin

155
Q

comminuted fracture

A

the bone is splintered or crushed

156
Q

greenstick fracture

A

aka incomplete fracture; the bone is bent and only partially broken

157
Q

oblique fracture

A

occurs at an angle across the bone

158
Q

pathologic fracture

A

when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain

159
Q

spiral fracture

A

a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

160
Q

stress fracture

A

is an overuse injury; a small crack in the bone that develops frrom chronic excessive impact

161
Q

transverse fracture

A

occurs straight across the bone

162
Q

fat embolus

A

forms when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood

163
Q

crepitation

A

aka crepitus; the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

164
Q

callus

A

forms a bulging deposit around the area of the break

165
Q

radiograph

A

aka xray; the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities

166
Q

arthroscopy

A

is the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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