The Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
primary function of Bones
A
the framework for the body, protects internal organs, and stores calcium
oste/o
2
Q
primary function of Bone marrow
A
red bone marrow helps form red blood cells and yellow bone marrow stores fat
myel/o aka spinal cord
3
Q
primary function of cartilage
A
creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones
chondr/o
4
Q
primary function of Joints
A
work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible
arthr/o
5
Q
primary functions of ligaments
A
connect one bone to another
ligament/o
6
Q
primary function of synovial membrane
A
forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid
7
Q
primary functions of Synovial fluid
A
lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible
8
Q
primary functions of bursa
A
cushions area subject to friction during movement
burs/o
9
Q
ankyl/o
A
crooked, bent, stiff
10
Q
arthr/o
A
joint
11
Q
burs/o
A
bursa
12
Q
chindr/i, chondr/o
A
cartilage
13
Q
cost/o
A
rib
14
Q
crani/o
A
skull
15
Q
-desis
A
to bind, tie together
16
Q
kyph/o
A
bent, hump
17
Q
lord/o
A
curve/ sway back/ bent
18
Q
-lysis
A
loosening or setting free
19
Q
myel/o
A
spinal cord, bone marrow
20
Q
oss/e. oss/i, oste/o
A
bone
21
Q
scoli/o
A
bent, curved
22
Q
spondyl/o
A
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
23
Q
synovi/o
A
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
24
Q
Name 5 important functions of the skeletal body system:
A
1) bones act as the framework
2) bones support and protect the internal organs
3) joints work with muscles, ligaments and tendons to make various body movements possible
4) calcium is stored in bones
5) red bone marrow is located in the spongy bone
25
Ossification
the process where a newborn's fragile membrane and cartilage turns into bone
also repairs minor damage to the skeletal system
26
osteoclasts vs osteoblasts
osteoclasts break down old or damaged bone and osteoblasts help rebuild the bone
27
Periosteum
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of the bone
28
Compact bone
aka cortical bone; dense, hard, very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
29
spongy bone
aka cancellous bone; is sponge-like, lighter and more fragile
30
medullary cavity
central cavity located in the shaft of long bones; here is where red and yellow bone marrow are stored
medullary means pertaining to inner section
31
endosteum
tissue that lines the medullary cavity
end means within
oste means bone
32
red bone marrow
is located within the spongy bone. a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells and thrombocytes
33
hemopoietic
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
34
yellow bone marrow
functions as a fat storage area; composed of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones
35
cartilage
smooth rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
36
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together, makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing together.
37
meniscus
curved , fibrous cartilage found in some joints
38
diaphysis
the shaft of the long bone
39
epiphyses
wider ends of long bones; such as the femurs of the legs
40
foramen
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass
41
process
a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
42
joints
aka articulations; where two or more bones
| are classified by their construction or the degree of movement they allow
43
fibrous joints
made of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together. aka sutures do not allow any movement
44
fontanelles
aka soft spots
45
cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and consists of bones connected entirely by cartilage
46
pubic symphysis
allows some movement; located between pubic bones and anterior of the pelvis
47
synovial joint
created where two joints come together to permit a variety of movement. Types of synovial joints:
ball and socket joints
hinge joints
48
components of synovial joints (5)
synovial capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, bursa
49
synovial capsule
outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue
| resembles a sleeve
50
synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
51
synovial fluid
flows within synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant
52
ligaments
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints
53
bursa
a fibrous sac that acts a cushion to ease movement in areas subject to friction
54
axial skeleton
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
55
appendicular skeleton
makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction
56
skull
consists of the bones that form the cranium, face and bones in the middle ear
57
cranium
the portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain, these bones are joined by sutures
58
frontal bone
anterior portion of the cranium, forms the forehead
59
parietal bones
two of the largest bones of the skull, form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
60
occipital bone
forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
61
temporal bones
form the sides and base of the cranium
62
external auditory meatus
is the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
63
sphenoid bone
an irregular wedge shaped bone that makes contact with all other cranial bones and forms the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, the floors and sides of the eye sockets
64
ethmoid bone
light spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose; separates the nasal cavity from the brain and forms a portion of the orbit
orbit means the bony socket
65
Auditory ossicles
three tiny bones located in each middle ear
| known as the malleus, incus and stapes
66
nasal bones
form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
67
zygomatic bones
aka cheekbones; articulate with the frontal bone that makes the forehead
68
maxillary bones
form most of the upper jaw
69
palatine bones
form the anterior of the hard part of the mouth and floor of the nose
70
lacrimal bones
make up part if the inner angle of the orbit
71
inferior chonchae
tiny scroll-like bones form part of the interior of the nose
72
vomer bone
forms the base of the nasal septum
73
mandible
aka jawbone; only movable part of the skull
74
temporomandibular joint
aka TMJ, where the mandible and skull attach
75
Thoracic Cavity
aka rib cage; bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
consists of ribs sternum, upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, not including arms
76
ribs
aka costal; attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
77
sternum
aka breast bone; a flat dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest
78
manubrium
bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
79
body of the sternum
aka gladiolus; bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
80
xiphoid process
the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
81
pectoral girdle
the formation of the shoulders which supports the arms and hands aka shoulder girdle.
82
clavicle
aka collar bone; slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
83
scapula
aka shoulder blade
84
acromion
extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
85
Parts of the arm (4)
humerus, radius, ulna, olecranon process
86
humerus
the bone of the upper ar,
87
radius
the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm
88
ulna
the larger and longer bone of the forearm
89
olecranon process
commonly known as the funny bone, a large projection on the upper end of the ulna
90
carpals
the bones that forms the wrist
91
metacarpals
the five bones that form the palms of the hand
92
phalanges
the 14 bones of the fingers
93
spinal column
aka vertebral column; protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
94
intervertebral disks
made of cartilage; separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other, also act as shock absorbers and allow movement in the spinal column
95
cervical vertebrae
the first set of seven vertebrae, and they form the neck.
cervical means pertaining to the neck
aka c1-c7
96
thoracic vertebrae
aka T1-T12; each of the vertebrae have a pair of ribs attached to it, and form the outward curve of the spine
97
lumbar vertebrae
aka L1 TO L5; together form the inward curve of the lower spine, the largest and strongest of the vertebrae
98
what are the last two vertebrae of the spine?
the coccyx and the saccrum
99
sacrum
slightly curved triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine; forms the lower portion of the back
100
coccyx
aka tailbone; forms the end of the spine
101
pelvis
aka bony pelvis; protect internal organs and supports the lower extremities.
102
ilium
the broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
103
sacroiliac
slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
104
ischium
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone; bears the weight of the body when sitting
105
pubis
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone; located beneath the urinary bladder
106
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones; allows slight movement
107
acetabulum
aka hip socket; large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis articulates the head of the femur to form the hip joint
108
Femurs
largest bones in the body; aka thigh bones
109
patella
aka kneecap; the bony anterior portion of the knee
110
popliteal
describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
111
cruciate ligaments
make possible the movements of the knee
112
The lower leg is made up of which bones (2)
tibia and fubula
113
tibia
aka shinbone, the larger anterior weight bearing bone of the lower leg
114
fibula
is the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
115
Each ankle is made up of seven short _______bones
tarsal
116
malleolus
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on sides of each ankle joint
117
Talus
the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
118
calcaneus
aka heel bone, the largest of the tarsal vones
119
metatarsals
the 5 bones that form the part where the toes are attached
120
Phalanges
toe bones
121
Chiropractor
specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders origination from misalignment of the spine
122
orthopedic surgeon
aka orthopedist; specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints and muscles
123
osteopath
specializes in the treating health problems by the manipulation of the spine
124
podiatrist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
125
ankylosis
loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or surgical procedure
126
adhesive capsulitis
aka frozen shoulder; painful ankylosis of the shoulder
127
arthrosclerosis
stiffness of the joints
128
baker's cyst
aka popliteal cyst; fluid-filled sac behind the knee
129
spina bifida
congenital defect; occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to completely close around the spinal cord to protect it.
130
kyphosis
abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine
131
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
132
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
133
avascular necrosis
aka osteonecrosis; area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
134
craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of cranial sutures
135
osteitis
inflammation of the bone
136
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bones in adults aka adult rickets
137
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
138
paget's disease
chronic bone disease of unknown cause
| usually in the pelvis, skull, spine and legs
139
periostitis
an inflammation of the periosteum
140
Rickets
deficiency disease occuring in children
| -defective bone growth from lack of vitamin D and calcium
141
short stature
aka dwarfism; condition resulting from the failure of bones of limbs to grow an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
142
talipes
aka clubfoot; any deformity of the foot involving the talus(ankle bone)
143
Primary bone cancer
a rare malignant tumor that originates in bone
144
secondary bone cancer
tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs such as breasts and lungs.
145
myeloma
a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow
myel means bone marrow
oma means tumor
146
osteochondroma
benign bony projection covered with cartilage
oste means bone
chondr means cartilage
oma means tumor
147
osteoporosis
a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone prorosity
frequently associated with aging
148
osteopenia
thinner-than-average bone density
149
compression fracture
aka vertebral crush fracture; when the bone is pressed together on itself
150
Colles' fracture
aka fractured wrist; occurs at the lower end of the radius
151
osteoporotic hip fracture
aka broken hip; usually caused by weakening of the bones; results in loss of function, mobility and independence or death
152
fracture
is a broken bone described in terms of its complexity
153
closed fracture
aka simple fracture or complete fracture; the bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin
154
open fracture
aka compound fracture; bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
155
comminuted fracture
the bone is splintered or crushed
156
greenstick fracture
aka incomplete fracture; the bone is bent and only partially broken
157
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone
158
pathologic fracture
when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
159
spiral fracture
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
160
stress fracture
is an overuse injury; a small crack in the bone that develops frrom chronic excessive impact
161
transverse fracture
occurs straight across the bone
162
fat embolus
forms when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
163
crepitation
aka crepitus; the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
164
callus
forms a bulging deposit around the area of the break
165
radiograph
aka xray; the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities
166
arthroscopy
is the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
