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Medical Terminology > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Primary Function of the Heart

A

receives blood from the veins and pumps blood into the arteries

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2
Q

primary functions of the blood vessels

A

transport blood to and from all areas of the body

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3
Q

primary functions of the arteries

A

transport blood away from the heart to all parts of the body

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4
Q

primary function of the capillaries

A

permit the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the cells

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5
Q

veins

A

return blood from all body parts to the heart

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6
Q

blood

A

brings oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away waste

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7
Q

the cardiovascular systems consists of _________, _________ and __________________.

A

heart, blood vessels and blood

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8
Q

heart

A

a hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs.

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9
Q

apex

A

lower tip of the heart

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10
Q

pericardium

A

aka pericardial sav, the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart

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11
Q

walls of the heart are made of these three layers:

A

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

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12
Q

epicardium

A

the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium

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13
Q

myocardium

A

the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers.
-consists of specialized cardiac muscle, capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that created the pumping movement necessary to maintain the flow of blood throughout the body.

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14
Q

endocardium

A

consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart.
this is the surface that comes into direct contact with the blood as it is being pumped through the heart

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15
Q

coronary arteries

A

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

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16
Q

the heart is divided into 4 chambers:

A

two chambers of the atria, and the two lower chambers of the heart

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17
Q

atria

A

the receiving chambers

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18
Q

tricuspid valve

A

controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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19
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery- this valve is shaped like a half moon

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20
Q

mitral valve

A

located between the left ventricle and the left atrium

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21
Q

valves of the heart(4)

A

pulmonary semilunar valve, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, aortic semilunar valve

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22
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs

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23
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lings; only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins

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24
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart
-only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood

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25
Q

systemic circulation

A

the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

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26
Q

heartbeat

A

the ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body; the contraction and relaxation of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence

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27
Q

sinoatrial node

A

located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
-establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat

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28
Q

atrioventricular node

A

located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum

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29
Q

bundle of His

A

a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum, these fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions

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30
Q

purkinje fivers

A

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles; relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles which causes the ventricles to contract and force blood out of the heart in to the aorta and pulmonary arteries

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31
Q

three types of blood vessels

A

arteries, capillaries and veins

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32
Q

arteries

A

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

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33
Q

aorta

A

the largest blood vessel in the body; begins from the left ventricle of the heart and forms the main trunk of the arterial system

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34
Q

carotid arteries

A

the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

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35
Q

arterioles

A

the smaller thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries

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36
Q

capillaries

A

microscopic blood vessel structures, that are only one cell in thickness
-delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells of the tissue

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37
Q

veins

A

form a low pressure collecting system to return oxygen poor blood to the heart

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38
Q

venules

A

are the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins

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39
Q

venae cavae

A

two largest veins in the body; return blood into the heart

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40
Q

pulse

A

the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart

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41
Q

blood pressure

A

the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

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42
Q

systolic pressure

A

the highest pressure against the walls of an artery

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43
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

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44
Q

plasma

A

a straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones and waste products

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45
Q

serum

A

plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed

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46
Q

fibrinogen and prothrombin

A

are the clotting proteins found in plasma; important role of clot formation to control bleeding

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47
Q

erythocytes

A

mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow

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48
Q

hemoglobin

A

substance that transports nutrients and oxygen to all body tissues

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49
Q

leukocytes

A

the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances

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50
Q

major groups of leukocytes(5)

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

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51
Q

neutrophils

A

formed in red bone marrow; play a major roles in the immune system’s defense against pathogens

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52
Q

phagocytosis

A

the process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them

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53
Q

basophils

A

formed in the red bone marrow; responsible for causing symptoms of allergies

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54
Q

eosinophils

A

formed in red bone marrow then migrate to tissues throughout the body. these cells destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions

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55
Q

lymphocytes

A

formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes and the spleen.

-identifies foreign substances and germs in the body and produces antibodies that specifically target them

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56
Q

monocytes

A

formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen.-provides immunological defenses against many infectious organisms

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57
Q

thrombocytes

A

aka platelets; the smallest formed elements of the blood

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58
Q

blood types

A

are classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens

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59
Q

Rh factor

A

defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells

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60
Q

blood gases

A

gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood; major blood gases are oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

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61
Q

cardiologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the heart

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62
Q

hematologist

A

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues

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63
Q

vascular surgeon

A

physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels

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64
Q

congenital heart defects

A

structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth

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65
Q

coronary artery disease

A

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

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66
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries

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67
Q

plaque

A

a fatty deposit

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68
Q

ischemia

A

a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body

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69
Q

angina

A

aka angina pectoris; a condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

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70
Q

myocardial infarction

A

commonly known as a heart attack, is the blockage of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup

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71
Q

heart failure

A

aka congestive heart failure; the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs of oxygen and nutrients

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72
Q

cardiomegaly

A

the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability

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73
Q

carditis

A

an inflammation of the heart

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74
Q

endocarditis

A

an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

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75
Q

bacterial endocarditis

A

an inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

76
Q

pericarditis

A

an inflammation of the pericardium; causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac, which restricts movement of the heart

77
Q

myocarditis

A

an inflammation of the myocardium that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection

78
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

describes al diseases of the heart muscle

79
Q

heart murmur

A

an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessel

80
Q

valvulitis

A

an inflammation of a heart valve

81
Q

valvular prolapse

A

the abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

82
Q

valvular stenosis

A

a condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening or blockage of one or more valves of the heart

83
Q

asystole

A

known as a flat line is the complete lack of electrical activity in the heart

84
Q

cardiac arrest

A

an event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively

85
Q

sudden cardiac death

A

when treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within minutes

86
Q

heart block

A

a congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles

87
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heartbeat

88
Q

tachycardia

A

an abnormally rapid resting heart rate

89
Q

superventricular tachycardia

A

an episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats

90
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles

91
Q

fibrillation

A

fast and irregular heartbeat

92
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

the most common type of tachycardia; occurs when contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid twitching of the muscular heart wall

93
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

rapid, random ineffective contractions of the ventricles

94
Q

palpitation

A

a pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm.

95
Q

vasculitis

A

the inflammation of a blood vessel

96
Q

polyarteritis

A

a form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time

97
Q

temporal arteritis

A

a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment, jaw pain and other symptoms

98
Q

angiostenosis

A

the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

99
Q

hemangioma

A

a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels

100
Q

hypoperfusion

A

a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part

101
Q

aneurysm

A

a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery

102
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

any group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

103
Q

artereriostenosis

A

abnormal narrowing of an artery

104
Q

chronic venous insufficiency

A

a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves

105
Q

phlebitis

A

the inflammation of a vein

106
Q

varicose veins

A

abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs

107
Q

thrombosis

A

the abnormal condition of having a thrombus

108
Q

thrombus

A

a blood clot attaches to the interior wall of an artery or vein

109
Q

thrombotic occlusion

A

the blocking of an artery by a thrombus

110
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

111
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

the condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein

112
Q

embolism

A

is the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus

113
Q

embolus

A

a foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood

114
Q

peripheral vascular diseases

A

are disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain; usually involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach or kidneys.

115
Q

peripheral arterial disease

A

an example of peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis

116
Q

raynaud’s disease

A

a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress.

117
Q

blood dycrasia

A

any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

118
Q

hemochromatosis

A

a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron

119
Q

leukopenia

A

a decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood

120
Q

polycythemia

A

an abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow

121
Q

sepsis

A

a potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream

122
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

a condition with an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood

123
Q

thrombocytosis

A

an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood

124
Q

hemorrhage

A

the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

125
Q

transfusion reaction

A

a serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match

126
Q

cholesterol

A

a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body ; aids in production of cell membranes, some hormones and vitamin D.

127
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

describes elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

128
Q

total cholesterol

A

measured in mg per deciliter of blood

129
Q

low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

A

referred to as bad cholesterol because excess quantities of LDL contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries

130
Q

high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

A

referred to as good cholesterol because it carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing and does not contribute to plaque buildup

131
Q

triglycerides

A

combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities

132
Q

myelodysplastic syndrome

A

a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow

133
Q

leukemia

A

a type of cancer characterizes by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes

134
Q

anemia

A

a lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes in the blood

135
Q

aplastic anemia

A

characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

136
Q

megaloblastic anemia

A

a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal

137
Q

pernicious anemia

A

caused by a lack of the protein that helps the body absorb vitamin b12 from the gastrointestinal tract

138
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells

139
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

a serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

140
Q

thalassemia

A

an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells than normal

141
Q

hypertension

A

is the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system

142
Q

hypotension

A

lower than normal arterial blood pressure

143
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

144
Q

angiography

A

is a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium

145
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery then guided into the heart

146
Q

digital subtraction angiography

A

uses angiography with computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in the cardiovascular system by subtracting the soft tissue and bones from the images

147
Q

duplex ultrasound

A

a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels

148
Q

venography

A

a radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected

149
Q

electrocardiography

A

the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium

150
Q

holter monitor

A

a portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms

151
Q

stress test

A

performed yo assess cardiovascular health and function during and after stress

152
Q

thallium stress test

A

performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting a small amount of thallium into the bloodstream

153
Q

antihypertensive

A

a medication administered to lower blood pressure

154
Q

ACE inhibitor

A

blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension

155
Q

beta-blocker

A

reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat

156
Q

calcium channel blocker agents

A

cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures

157
Q

diuretic

A

administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water

158
Q

antiarrhythmic

A

a medication administered to control irregularities of the heart beat

159
Q

anticoagulant

A

slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming

160
Q

coumadin

A

an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger

161
Q

thrombolytic

A

aka clot-busting drug; dissolves or causes a thrombus to breakup

162
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

causes blood vessels to narrow

163
Q

vasodilator

A

causes blood vessels to expand

164
Q

nitroglycerin

A

a vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart

165
Q

angioplasty

A

the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel

166
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

aka balloon angioplasty; a procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen

167
Q

laser angioplasty

A

involves a laser on the end of a catheter; uses beams of light to remove plaque deposit

168
Q

stent

A

a wire-mesh tube that is commonly placed after the artery has been opened

169
Q

restenosis

A

describes the condition when an artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again

170
Q

atherectomy

A

the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery

171
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain

172
Q

coronary artery bypass graft

A

the procedure which requires opening the chest, a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery

173
Q

minimally invasive coronary artery bypass

A

an alternative technique; performed with the aid of a fiber-optic camera through small openings between the ribs

174
Q

defibrillation

A

the use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm

175
Q

artificial pacemaker

A

used primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation; electronic device can be attached externally or implanted under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate heartbeat

176
Q

cardiac ablation

A

a procedure that uses radio-frequency energy or cryoablation to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm.

177
Q

valvuloplasty

A

is the surgical repair of a heart valve

178
Q

heart valve replacement

A

surgery to replace one of the heart’s four valves, usually the aortic or mitral valve

179
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A

an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression

180
Q

aneurysmectomy

A

the surgical removal of an aneurysm

181
Q

aneurysmorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing of an aneurysm

182
Q

aneurysm clipping

A

surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck

183
Q

arteriectomy

A

the surgical removal of part of an artery

184
Q

hemostasis

A

means to stop or control bleeding

185
Q

plasmapheresis

A

the removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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