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Medical Terminology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

primary functions of the adrenal glands

A

regulate electrolyte levels, influence metabolism, and respond to stress

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2
Q

primary functions of the gonads

A

gamete (sex cell) producing glands

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3
Q

primary function of the testicles

A

sperm producing gland

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4
Q

primary function of the ovaries

A

ova (egg) producing gland

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5
Q

primary functions of pancreatic islets

A

control blood sugar levels and glucose metabolism

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6
Q

primary functions of parathyroid glands

A

regulate calcium levels throughout the body

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7
Q

primary functions of pineal gland

A

influences the sleep-wakefulness cycle

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8
Q

primary function of the pituitary gland

A

secretes hormones that control the activity of the other endocrine glands

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9
Q

primary function of the thymes

A

plays a major role in the immune reaction

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10
Q

primary function of the thyroid gland

A

stimulates metabolism, growth and the activity of the nervous system

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11
Q

adren/o

A

adrenal glands

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12
Q

gonad/o

A

gonads

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13
Q

testic/o

A

testicles

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14
Q

ovari/o

A

ovaries

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15
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreatic islets

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16
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid glands

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17
Q

pineal/o

A

pineal gland

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18
Q

pituit/o, putuitar/o

A

pituitary gland

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19
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

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20
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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21
Q

acr/o

A

extremeties

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22
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

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23
Q

-dipsia

A

thirst

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24
Q

poly-

A

many

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25
Q

somat/o

A

body

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26
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream

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27
Q

endocrine glands

A

produce hormones, do not have ducts

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28
Q

13 major glands that make up the endocrine system

A 
1 pituitary gland
1 pineal gland
1 thyroid gland
4 parathyroid glands
1 thymus
1 pancreas
2 adrenal glands
2 gonads
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29
Q

pituitary gland

A

a pea-sized gland that is divided into 2 parts, anterior and posterior, hang from a stalk-like structure below the hypothalamus in the brain; produces hormones that control many body functions

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30
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

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31
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova(eggs) in the ovaries of the female

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32
Q

growth hormone

A

aka somatotropic hormone; regulates the growth of bone, muscle and other body tissues

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33
Q

lactogenic hormone

A

aka prolactin; stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth

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34
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

stimulates ovulation in the female, in the male this hormone stimulates the secretion of testosterone

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35
Q

melanocyte-stimulation hormone

A

increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation

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36
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland

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37
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys

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38
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth

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39
Q

pineal gland

A

a very small endocrine gland; located in the central portion of the brain

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40
Q

thyroid gland

A

butterfly-shaped gland; found on either side of the larynx; below the thyroid cartilage, regulates the body’s metabolism

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41
Q

two primary thyroid hormones

A

thyroxine, triiodothyronine

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42
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by the thyroid gland, a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium to bones and teeth

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43
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues

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44
Q

thymus

A

located near the midline in the anterior of the thoracic cavity; secretes a hormone that helps the body’s immune system before birth and in childhood

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45
Q

thymosin

A

stimulates maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

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46
Q

pancreas

A

a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems

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47
Q

glucose

A

the basic form of energy used by the body

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48
Q

glucagon

A

the hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream

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49
Q

insulin

A

the hormone secreted by the bet cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the blood stream

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50
Q

how insulin functions

A

1) when energy is needed, insulin allows glucose to enter the cells to be used as energy
2) when additional glucose is not needed, insulin stimulates the liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage

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51
Q

adrenal glands

A

aka suprarenals; located on top of each kidney, each gland consists of an outer portion known as the adrenal cortex and the middle portion is the adrenal medulla.

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52
Q

electrolytes

A

mineral substances-calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium that are normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids

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53
Q

androgens

A

sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex and fat cells

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54
Q

corticosteroids

A

the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

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55
Q

aldosterone

A

a corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys

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56
Q

cortisol

A

aka hydrocortisone; a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action. also helps regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

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57
Q

epinephrine

A

aka adrenaline; stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear by making the heart beat faster and raising blood pressure

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58
Q

norepinephrine

A

is both a hormone and a neurohormone; it is released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system; it plays the role in the “fight-or-flight” response by raising blood pressure, strengthening the heart beat and stimulating muscle contractions

59
Q

gonads

A

are gamete-producing glands; ovaries in females and testicles in males

60
Q

puberty

A

the process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing

61
Q

estrogen

A

a hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle

62
Q

progesterone

A

the hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle; its function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy

63
Q

gamete

A

a reproductive cell; sperm in the male and ova (eggs) in the female

64
Q

gonadotropin

A

any hormone that stimulates the gonads

65
Q

androgens

A

sex hormones, primarily testosterone secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex and fat cells. androgens promote the development and maintenance of the male sex characteristics

66
Q

steroids

A

are a large family of hormone-like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure

67
Q

anabolic steroids

A

man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones; used in treatment of hormone problems in men and help the body replace muscle mass

68
Q

leptin

A

a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite

69
Q

ghrelin

A

a hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract

70
Q

neurohormones

A

produced and released by neurons in the brain, delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream

71
Q

endocrinologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunction of the endocrine glands

72
Q

certified diabetes educator

A

a health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease

73
Q

acromegaly

A

a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

74
Q

gigantism

A

abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive excretion of growth hormone before puberty

75
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism

76
Q

short stature

A

formerly known as dwarfism; sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone

77
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

aka pituitary tumor; two types of these slow-growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland: functioning pituitary tumor and nonfunctioning pituitary tumor.

78
Q

galactorrhea

A

a condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth

79
Q

prolactinoma

A

a benign tumor of the pituitary gland which causes the pituitary gland to produce too much of the lactogenic hormone; can cause infertility in women and erectile dysfunction in men

80
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

an uncommon disorder caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone

81
Q

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

A

caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH; often as a result of cancer or its treatment

82
Q

pinealoma

A

a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin

83
Q

hashimoto’s disease

A

an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attach and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

84
Q

hypothyroidism

A

aka underactive thyroid; caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion

85
Q

cretinism

A

a congenital form of hypothyroidism

86
Q

myxedema

A

aka adult hypothyroidism; caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid excretion

87
Q

thyroid storm

A

relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism

88
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

the overproduction of thyroid hormones which causes an imbalance of metabolism

89
Q

graves’ disease

A

is a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone

90
Q

goiter

A

is an abnormal benign enlargement of the thyroid gland

91
Q

exophthalmos

A

an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

92
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone

93
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone

94
Q

hypercalcemia

A

characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth

95
Q

hypocalcemia

A

characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood

96
Q

thymitis

A

an inflammation of the thymus gland

97
Q

insulinoma

A

a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin

98
Q

pancreatitis

A

an inflammation of the pancreas

99
Q

hyperglycemia

A

an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood

100
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

101
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive hunger

102
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

103
Q

hyperinsulinism

A

the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream

104
Q

hypoglycemia

A

an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood

105
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin

106
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells

107
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

an insulin resistance disorder; means that insulin is being produced, but the body does not use it effectively

108
Q

prediabetes

A

a condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal, nut not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes

109
Q

latent autoimmune diabetes in adults

A

aka type 1.5 diabetes; a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults, shares many characteristcs of type 2 diabetes but autoimmune bodies are present

110
Q

gestational diabetes mellitus

A

a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies; usually disappears after delivery

111
Q

diabetic coma

A

caused by very high blood glucose

112
Q

insulin shock

A

caused by very low blood glucose

113
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causes blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball; causing loss of vision

114
Q

ketosis

A

a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking

115
Q

addison’s disease

A

occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone

116
Q

adrenalitis

A

inflammation of the adrenal glands

117
Q

aldosteronism

A

an abnormality of the electrolyte balance caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone

118
Q

conn’s syndrome

A

a disorder of the adrenal glands that is caused by the excessive production of aldosterone

119
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

a rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

120
Q

cushing’s syndrome

A

caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of coritone

121
Q

hypergonadism

A

the condition of excessivve secretion of hormones by the sex glands

122
Q

hypogonadism

A

the condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands

123
Q

gynecomastia

A

the condition of excessive mammary development in the male

124
Q

radioactive iodine uptake test

A

uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function

125
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay

A

a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone

126
Q

thyroid scan

A

measure thyroid function, a form of nuclear medicine

127
Q

fasting blood sugar test

A

measures the blood glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8-12 hours

128
Q

oral glucose tolerance test

A

after fasting 8 hours, the patient drinks a liquid containing a high concentration of sugar and the blood glucose level is tested after 1 hour and again after 2 hours

129
Q

home blood glucose monitoring

A

measures the current blood glucose level using a drop of blood and is often performed by the patient multiple times per day

130
Q

hemoglobin a1c testing

A

a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3 to 4 months

131
Q

fructosamine test

A

measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks

132
Q

human growth hormone

A

a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development

133
Q

hypophysectomy

A

the removal of abnormal glandular tissue

134
Q

pinealectomy

A

the surgical removal of the pineal gland

135
Q

antithyroid drug

A

a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

136
Q

radioactive iodine treatment

A

the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells

137
Q

lobectomy

A

the surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland

138
Q

synthetic thyroid hormones

A

oral medication administered to replace lost thyroid function

139
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

the surgical removal of one or more of they parathyroid glands

140
Q

thymectomy

A

the surgical removal of they thymus gland

141
Q

pancreatectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas

142
Q

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

A

minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands

143
Q

cortisone

A

the synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands; administered to suppress inflammation

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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