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Medical Terminology > Skin: The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Skin: The Integumentary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Integumentary system

A

made up of skin and its related structures; performs important functions in maintaining the health of the body
integument means enclose or cover

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2
Q

skin

A

forms the protective outer layer covering the external surfaces of the entire body

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3
Q

Functions of the Skin (4)

A

waterproofs the body and prevents fluid loss
blocks the entrance of pathogens into the body
major receptor of touch
helps the body synthesize vitamin D

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4
Q

the average adult has 3 square yards of skin, making it the largest bodily organ. true or false

A

false

although it is the largest bodily organ, on average an adult has 2 square yards

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5
Q

Name 4 related structures of the integumentary system

A

Sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair and nails

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6
Q

function of sebaceous glands

A

secrete sebum that lubricates the skin and discourages the growth of bacteria on the skin

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7
Q

function of sweat glands

A

help regulate body temperature and water content by secreting sweat and some metabolic waste

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8
Q

function of hair

A

helps control the loss of body heat

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9
Q

function of nails

A

protects the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger

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10
Q

Name the 3 basic layers of skin

A

Epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers

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11
Q

Epidermis

A

the outermost layer of the skin, made of several epithelial tissues, does not contain any blood vessels or connective tissues; therefore dependent on lower layers for nourishment

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12
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

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13
Q

squamous epithelial tissue

A

forms the upper layer of the epidermis

squamous means scale-like

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14
Q

basal layer and what happens here

A

the lowest layer of the epidermis, here new cells are produced and pushed upward.

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15
Q

Keratin

A

a fibrous, water-repellent protein.

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16
Q

melanocytes and what do they produce

A

are special cells that are also found in the basal cell layer. these cells produce and contain a dark brown to black pigment known as melanin.

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17
Q

Melanin

A

the pigment that determines the color of the skin

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18
Q

Dermis

A

aka corium, the thick layer of living tissue directly below the epidermis.

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19
Q

What is found in the dermis? (6)

A

tissue, blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands

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20
Q

Sensory nerve endings

A

receptors for stimuli such as touch, temperature, pain and pressure

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21
Q

Collagen

A

a tough yet flexible fibrous protein material found in the skin and also in the bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

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22
Q

mast cells and what does it do

A

found in the connective tissue of the dermis, respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine

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23
Q

heparin

A

released in response to an injury; it is an anticoagulant.

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24
Q

anticoagulant

A

prevents blood clotting

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25
Q

histamine

A

released in response to allergens, causes the signs of an allergic response such as runny nose and itching.

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26
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

is located below the layers of the skin and connects the skin to the surface of muscles

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27
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer made of

A

adipose tissue

adipose means fat

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28
Q

celulite

A

deposits of dimpled fat around the buttocks and thighs

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29
Q

Lipocyte and where is it found and what does it do

A

also known as fat cells and found in the subcutaneous layer; manufactures and stores large quantities of fat

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30
Q

Sebaceous glands are located in which layer of the skin

A

located in the dermis layer of the skin

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31
Q

functions of sebaceous glands

A

secrete sebum through the ducts opening into hair follicles, onto the surface to lubricate the skin.
sebum also discourages bacteria growth because of its acidity

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32
Q

Sweat glands

A

tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces

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33
Q

2 types of sweat glands

A

apocrine gland which are found at hair glands and eccrine glands which open onto the skin; many found in the palms of the hands, and soles of the feet and forehead

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34
Q

pores

A

openings on the surface of the skin that act as the ducts of sweat glands

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35
Q

perspiration

A

secreted by sweat glands; made of 99% water, salt and some metabolic waste products.

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36
Q

Function of perspiration

A

one way in which body excretes excess water and cools the body

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37
Q

hidrosis

A

the production and excretion of perspiration

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38
Q

mammary glands

A

modified sweat glands that produce milk

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39
Q

hair

A

fibers composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin

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40
Q

Darkness and color of hair is determined by the amount of melanin produced by melanocytes. true or false

A

true

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41
Q

hair follicles

A

sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers.

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42
Q

whether hair is curly or straight is determined by the shape of the follicles. true or false

A

true

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43
Q

arrector pili

A

tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect in response to cold or fright.

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44
Q

Nails

A

the keratin plate that protects the dorsal surface of the last bones of each finger and toe
Fingernail and toe nail aka inguis

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45
Q

Name 6 parts of the nail

A

nail body, nail bed, free edge, lunula, cuticle and nail root.

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46
Q

plastic surgeon

A

physician who specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structures

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47
Q

cosmetic surgeon

A

plastic surgeons who perform operations usually for aesthetic reasons

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48
Q

Acne Vulgaris

A

chronic inflammatory disease

characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin caused by an overproduction of sebum around the hair shaft

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49
Q

comedo; name two types of comedones

A

a noninfected lesion formed by buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle
whitehead-closed comedo
blackhead-open comedo

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50
Q

epidermoid cyst

A

aka sebaceous cyst; closed sac found just under the skin, containing yellow fatty material

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51
Q

Seborrhea

A

overactivity of the sebaceous glands resulting in production of excessive sebum causing scaling and itching of skin or scalp

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52
Q

2 examples of seborrhea

A

excessive dandruff and cradle cap

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53
Q

seborrheic keratosis

A

benign skin growth that has a waxy or pasted on look, vary in color and common among the elderly

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54
Q

Anhidrosis

A

abnormal condition of lacking sweat

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55
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse sweating
dia means through
phor means movement
esis means abnormal condition

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56
Q

heat rash

A

an intensively itchy rash caused by the blockage of sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells

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57
Q

hyperhidrosis

A

is a condition of excessive sweating in one area or over the whole body

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58
Q

sleep hyperhidrosis

A

aka night sweat

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59
Q

folliculitis

A

inflammation of the hair follicles; common on arms and legs of men

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60
Q

trichomycosis axillaris

A 
superficial bacterial infection of the hair shafts in areas with extensive sweat glands
trich/o means hair
myc means fungus
osis means abnormal condition
axill means armpit
ary means pertaining to
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61
Q

hirsutism

A

presence of excess body and facial hair in women; can be hereditary or a hormone imbalance

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62
Q

alopecia

A

aka baldness; partial or complete loss of hair

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63
Q

alopecia areata

A

an autoimmune disorder that attacks the hair follicles’ causing well defined bald areas on the scalp or area of the body; often begins in childhood

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64
Q

alopecia totalis

A

an uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on scalp

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65
Q

Alopecia universalis

A

the total loss of hair on all parts of the body

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66
Q

androgenic alopecia

A

the most common type of hair loss. androgenic means referring to androgens, the hormone involved in the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics.
in men it is called male pattern baldness

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67
Q

Clubbing

A

the abnormal curving of the nails, often accompanied by the enlargement of the fingertips; can be hereditary, but usually caused by oxygen deficiencies

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68
Q

koilonychia

A

aka spoon nail; malformation of the nails, the outer surface is concave or scooped out like a bowl; usually due to an iron deficiency
koil means hollow or concave
onych means fingernail or toenail
ia means condition

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69
Q

Onychia

A

aka onychitis, an inflammation of the bed of the nail that often results in the loss of the nail

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70
Q

Onychocryptosis

A

commonly known as ingrown toenail; edges of the nail curve inward and cuts into the skin

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71
Q

Onychomycosis

A

us a fungal infection of the nail; depending on the fungus involved, it can cause the nails to turn a certain color and become brittle

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72
Q

Paronychia

A

an acute or chronic infection of the skin fold around a nail

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73
Q

acanthosis nigricans

A

condition where one or more areas of the skin develop dark, wart-like patches; can be a sign of cancer or type 2 diabetes

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74
Q

age spots

A

discolorations caused by sun exposure

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75
Q

albinism

A

genetic condition characterized by a deficiency of pigment in the skin, hair, irises of the eye; this condition is the result of a missing enzyme necessary for the production of melanin

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76
Q

chloasma

A

pigmentation disorder; brownish spots on the face; sometimes appear during pregnancy

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77
Q

vitiligo

A

skin condition resulting from destruction of the melanocytes due to unknown causes; irregular patches of white skin; a process known as depigmentation

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78
Q

contusion

A

an injury to underlying tissues without breaking skin; characterized by discoloration and pain
contus means bruise
ion means condition

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79
Q

ecchymosis

A

aka bruise, large irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin
ecchym means pouring out of juice
osis means abnormal condition

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80
Q

purpura

A

the appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin
discolorations smaller than ecchymosis and larger than petechiae

81
Q

petechiae

A

very small, pinpoint hemorrhages that are less than 2mm in diameter; sometimes results from high fevers

82
Q

hematoma

A

usually caused by an injury, swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues

83
Q

lesion

A

a pathological change of the tissues due to disease or injury. described by appearance, location, color and size(cm)

84
Q

crust

A

aka scab, collection of dried serum and cellular debris

85
Q

erosion

A

is the wearing away of a surface

86
Q

macule

A

aka macula; a discolored flat spot that is less than 1 cm in diameter
ie. freckles or moles

87
Q

nodule

A

solid, raised skin lesion; larger than .5 cm

88
Q

papule

A

small raised red lesion that is less than 0.5 cm; does not contain pus
ie. small pimples and insect bites

89
Q

plaque

A

a scaly, solid raised area of closely spaced papules

also means a fatty buildup in the arteries

90
Q

scales

A

flakes or dry patches made up of excess epidermal cells

91
Q

verrucae

A

aka warts; small hard skin lesions caused by human papillomavirus

92
Q

wheal

A

aka welt; small bump that itches

93
Q

abcess

A

a closed pocket containing pus that is caused by a bacterial infection

94
Q

purulent

A

producing or containing pus

95
Q

exudate

A

a fluid that leaks out of an infected wound

96
Q

cyst

A

an abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material

97
Q

pustule

A

aka pimple, a small circumscribed lesion containing pus

circumscribed means contained with a limited area

98
Q

vesicle

A

a small blister, containing watery fluid

99
Q

bulla

A

a large blister

100
Q

abrasion

A

an injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away

101
Q

fissure

A

groove or crack-like break in the skin

102
Q

laceration

A

a torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut wound

103
Q

pressure sore

A

aka ulcer or bedsore; open ulcerated wound that is caused by prolonged pressure on an area of skin

104
Q

needlestick injury

A

an accidental puncture wound caused by a used hypodermic needle, potentially transmitting an infection

105
Q

ulcer

A

an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges

106
Q

Birthmark

A

mole or blemish on the skin present at birth or shortly after

107
Q

Pigmented birthmark

A

cafe ar lait spots and other irregularities in skin color

108
Q

vascular birthmarks

A

caused by blood vessels close to the skin’s surface; most common, aka salmon patches or red birthmarks

109
Q

capillary hemangioma

A

aka strawberry birthmark; soft, raised, pink or red vascular birthmark

110
Q

port-wine stain

A

flat vascular birthmark made up of dilated blood capillaries, creating a large, reddish purple discoloration on the face or neck

111
Q

Dermatitis

A

an inflammation of the skin; characterized by redness, swelling and itching

112
Q

Contact Dermatitis

A

localized allergic response caused by contact with an irritant
ie. diaper rash

113
Q

eczema

A

aka atopic dermatitis; form of persistent or recurring dermatitis characterized by redness, itching and dryness with possible blistering, cracking, oozing or bleeding

114
Q

Exfoliative dermatitis

A

condition in which there is wide-spread scaling of the skin; often accompanied by redness and hair loss

115
Q

Pruritus

A

aka itching

prurit means itching

116
Q

Erythema

A

redness of the skin due to capillary dilation
erythem means flushed
dilation means the expansion of capillary

117
Q

Erythema infectiosum

A

aka fifth disease; mildly contagious viral infection; produces a red, lace-like rash on the child’s face

118
Q

Erythema multiforme

A

skin disorder from a generalized allergic reaction to an illness, infection or medication.

119
Q

Erythema pernio

A

aka chilblains; purple-red inflammation; when small blood vessels below the skin are damaged, usually due to exposure to cold and damp weather

120
Q

sunburn

A

form of erythema; skin cells are damaged by exposure to UV rays

121
Q

Erythroderma

A

abnormal redness of the entire skin surface

122
Q

Exanthem

A

widespread rash

rash is a breaking out, that changes color or tecture of skin

123
Q

Hand, foot and mouth disease

A

mild viral infection, characterized by sores in the mouth and throat and a rash on the hands and feet

124
Q

Dermatosis

A

general term used to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation

125
Q

ichthyosis

A

a group of hereditary disorders characterized by dry, thickened and scaly skin; caused by the slowing of the skin’s natural shedding process or by a rapid increase in the production of skin’s cells

126
Q

lipedema

A

aka painful fat syndrome; a chronic abnormal condition characterized by the accumulation of fat and fluid in the tissues under skin of hips and legs

127
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

aka lupus, an autoimmune disorder characterized by red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk, also attacks the connective tissue in the joints

128
Q

psoriasis

A

common skin disorder characterized by flare-ups in which red papules covered with silvery scales occur on elbows, knees, scalp, back and buttocks

129
Q

Rosacea

A

aka adult acne; tiny red pimples and broken blood vessels; usually happens to those with fair skin between age of 30-60

130
Q

Rhinophyma

A

aka bulbous nose; usually in older men; overgrowth of tissues of the nose
rhino means nose
phyma means growth

131
Q

Scleroderma

A

an autoimmune disorder in which connective tissues become thickened and hardened
affects joints and internal organs

132
Q

Urticaria

A

aka hives, itchy small bumps caused by an allergic reaction
urtic means rash
aria means connected with

133
Q

xeroderma

A

aka xerosis; excessively dry skin
xer/o means dry
derma means skin

134
Q

Carbuncle

A

cluster of connected furuncles(boils)

135
Q

Cellulitis

A

an acute, rapidly spreading bacterial infection within the connective tissues
-swelling, warmth, red streaks, malaise
do not confuse with celulite

136
Q

Furuncles

A

aka boils; large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around the hair follicles or sebaceous glands

137
Q

gangrene

A

death of tissue, a loss of circulation to the affected tissues, followed by bacterial invasion that causes putrefaction(decay). can be fatal if enters bloodstream

138
Q

impetigo

A

highly contagious bacterial skin infection, common in children.
characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

139
Q

necrotizing fasciitis

A

sever infection caused by group A strep bacteria, aka flesh-eating bacteria
necrotizing means causing tissue death
fasciitis means inflammation of fascia

140
Q

pyoderma

A

an acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection

141
Q

mycosis

A

any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus
myc means fungus
osis means abnormal condition

142
Q

what is tinea and medically name 4 body parts where it occurs

A

aka ringworm; fungal infection that can grow on the skin, hair or nails. the fungus spreads out in a worm-like circle on the skin
1)Tinea capitis: scalps of children
capitis means head
2) Tinea Corporis: skin on the body
corporis means body
3)Tinea Cruris aka jock itch; genital area
4) Tinea Pedis aka athlete’s foot; commonly found between the toes
pedis means feet

143
Q

Tinea Versicolor

A

fungal infection that causes painless, discolored areas on the skin
versicolor means variety of colors

144
Q

infestation

A

dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue

145
Q

pediculosis

A

an infestation with lice

146
Q

name three types of lice

A

pediculosis capitis; infestation of head lice
pediculosis corporis: infestation of body lice
pediculosis pubis: lice infestation in the pubic hair and pubic region

147
Q

Scabies

A

skin infection caused by an infestation of itch mites

these mites cause small itchy bumps and blisters by burrowing into the top layer of human skin and lay their eggs

148
Q

callus

A

thickening part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing

149
Q

clavus or corn

A

callus in the keratin layer of skin covering the joints of toes; usually caused by ill-fitting shoes

150
Q

cicatrix

A

normal scar from the healing of a wound

151
Q

granulation tissue

A

the tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound; eventually forms the scar

152
Q

granuloma

A

a small, knot-like swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis; resulting from inflammation, injury or infection

153
Q

keloid

A

abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original incision
kel means growth or tumor
oid means resembling

154
Q

keratosis

A

any skin growth such as a wart or callus,in which there is overgrowth or thickening of the skin

155
Q

lipoma

A

a benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and the muscle layer

156
Q

Nevus

A

aka mole, a small dark skin growth that develops from melanocytes

157
Q

dyplastic nevi

A

atypical moles that cacn develop into skin cancer

158
Q

papilloma

A

a benign, superficial, wart-like growth on the epithelial tissue or elsewhere in body
papill means resembling a nipple

159
Q

polyp

A

a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane

160
Q

Skin tags

A

small, flesh-colored or light brown polyps that hang from the body by fine stalks; tend to enlarge with age

161
Q

skin cancer

A

malignant growth, including repeated severe sunburns or long-term exposure to the sun

162
Q

three main types of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma

163
Q

actinic keratosis

A

aka solar keratosis; precancerous skin growth that occurs on sun-damaged skin.

164
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

a malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis; most common and least harmful; slow growing and rarely spreads
-lesions on the face or neck tend to bleed easily

165
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of the scaly squamous cells of the epithelium; spreads quickly, begins as skin lesions that will not heal or have a crusted look

166
Q

malignant melanoma

A

type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes; the most serious type of skin cancer
often first signs are changes to the size, shape or color of a mole

167
Q

burn

A

an injury to body tissues by heat, flame, electricity, sun, chemicals or radiation

168
Q

three burn levels and difference

A

first-degree burn aka superficial burn; no blisters
second-degree burn aka partial thickness burn; blisters, damage to the epidermis and dermis
third-degree burn aka full thickness burn; damage to the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers, possibly to the muscle and bone below

169
Q

biopsy

A

removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination or to establish diagnosis

170
Q

incisional biopsy

A

a piece of tumor or lesion removed

171
Q

excisional biopsy

A

the entire tumor or lesion and margin of surrounding tissue removed

172
Q

needle biopsy

A

hollow needle is used to remove a core of tissue for examination

173
Q

exfoliative cytology

A

aka skin scraping

174
Q

sunscreen

A

blocks out harmful uvb rays; measured in strength by SPF(sun protective factor)

175
Q

cauterization

A

the destruction of tissue by burning

176
Q

chemabrasion

A

aka chemical peel; use of chemicals to remove outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring, fine wrinkling and keratoses

177
Q

cryosurgery

A

aka freezing; destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells such as warts or tumors through the applicatio of extreme cold
cry/o means coldn

178
Q

curettage

A

the removal of material from the surface by scraping

179
Q

debridement

A

form of abrasion involving the use of a revolving wire brush or sandpaper; to remove acne and chickenpox scars

180
Q

electrodessication

A

a surgical technique in which tissue is destroyed using an electric spark.
used primarily to remove superficial growths and seal off blood vessels

181
Q

incision

A

cut made used a surgical instrument

182
Q

Mohs surgery

A

technique used to treat various types of skin cancer. individual layers of cancerous tissue are removed and examined under a microscope one at a time until a margin that is clear of all cancerous tissue has been achieved.

183
Q

laser is an acronym for

A

light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

184
Q

photodynamic therapy

A

a technique used to treat damaged and precancerous skin

185
Q

retinoids

A

a class of chemical compounds derived from vitamin A that are used in skin care and treatment

186
Q

isotretinoin

A

aka Accutane, powerful retinoid takin in pill form for the treatment of severe acne

187
Q

tretinoin

A

the active ingredient in Retin-a and renova used to treat sun-damaged skin acne and wrinkles

188
Q

blepharoplasty

A

aka lid lift, the surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids by removing sagging skin
blephar/o means eyelid
plasty means surgical repair

189
Q

BCC

A

basal cell carcinoma

190
Q

caut

A

cauterization

191
Q

Ecz, Ez

A

eczema

192
Q

I & D

A

incision and drainage

193
Q

MM

A

Malignant melanoma

194
Q

NF

A

necrotizing fasciitis

195
Q

PDT

A

photodynamic therapy

196
Q

SCD

A

scleroderma

197
Q

SCC

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

198
Q

SC, subq

A

subcutaneous

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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