Skin: The Integumentary System Flashcards
1
Q
Integumentary system
A
made up of skin and its related structures; performs important functions in maintaining the health of the body
integument means enclose or cover
2
Q
skin
A
forms the protective outer layer covering the external surfaces of the entire body
3
Q
Functions of the Skin (4)
A
waterproofs the body and prevents fluid loss
blocks the entrance of pathogens into the body
major receptor of touch
helps the body synthesize vitamin D
4
Q
the average adult has 3 square yards of skin, making it the largest bodily organ. true or false
A
false
although it is the largest bodily organ, on average an adult has 2 square yards
5
Q
Name 4 related structures of the integumentary system
A
Sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair and nails
6
Q
function of sebaceous glands
A
secrete sebum that lubricates the skin and discourages the growth of bacteria on the skin
7
Q
function of sweat glands
A
help regulate body temperature and water content by secreting sweat and some metabolic waste
8
Q
function of hair
A
helps control the loss of body heat
9
Q
function of nails
A
protects the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger
10
Q
Name the 3 basic layers of skin
A
Epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers
11
Q
Epidermis
A
the outermost layer of the skin, made of several epithelial tissues, does not contain any blood vessels or connective tissues; therefore dependent on lower layers for nourishment
12
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
13
Q
squamous epithelial tissue
A
forms the upper layer of the epidermis
squamous means scale-like
14
Q
basal layer and what happens here
A
the lowest layer of the epidermis, here new cells are produced and pushed upward.
15
Q
Keratin
A
a fibrous, water-repellent protein.
16
Q
melanocytes and what do they produce
A
are special cells that are also found in the basal cell layer. these cells produce and contain a dark brown to black pigment known as melanin.
17
Q
Melanin
A
the pigment that determines the color of the skin
18
Q
Dermis
A
aka corium, the thick layer of living tissue directly below the epidermis.
19
Q
What is found in the dermis? (6)
A
tissue, blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands
20
Q
Sensory nerve endings
A
receptors for stimuli such as touch, temperature, pain and pressure
21
Q
Collagen
A
a tough yet flexible fibrous protein material found in the skin and also in the bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments
22
Q
mast cells and what does it do
A
found in the connective tissue of the dermis, respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine
23
Q
heparin
A
released in response to an injury; it is an anticoagulant.
24
Q
anticoagulant
A
prevents blood clotting
25
histamine
released in response to allergens, causes the signs of an allergic response such as runny nose and itching.
26
subcutaneous layer
is located below the layers of the skin and connects the skin to the surface of muscles
27
What is the subcutaneous layer made of
adipose tissue
| adipose means fat
28
celulite
deposits of dimpled fat around the buttocks and thighs
29
Lipocyte and where is it found and what does it do
also known as fat cells and found in the subcutaneous layer; manufactures and stores large quantities of fat
30
Sebaceous glands are located in which layer of the skin
located in the dermis layer of the skin
31
functions of sebaceous glands
secrete sebum through the ducts opening into hair follicles, onto the surface to lubricate the skin.
sebum also discourages bacteria growth because of its acidity
32
Sweat glands
tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces
33
2 types of sweat glands
apocrine gland which are found at hair glands and eccrine glands which open onto the skin; many found in the palms of the hands, and soles of the feet and forehead
34
pores
openings on the surface of the skin that act as the ducts of sweat glands
35
perspiration
secreted by sweat glands; made of 99% water, salt and some metabolic waste products.
36
Function of perspiration
one way in which body excretes excess water and cools the body
37
hidrosis
the production and excretion of perspiration
38
mammary glands
modified sweat glands that produce milk
39
hair
fibers composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin
40
Darkness and color of hair is determined by the amount of melanin produced by melanocytes. true or false
true
41
hair follicles
sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers.
42
whether hair is curly or straight is determined by the shape of the follicles. true or false
true
43
arrector pili
tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect in response to cold or fright.
44
Nails
the keratin plate that protects the dorsal surface of the last bones of each finger and toe
Fingernail and toe nail aka inguis
45
Name 6 parts of the nail
nail body, nail bed, free edge, lunula, cuticle and nail root.
46
plastic surgeon
physician who specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structures
47
cosmetic surgeon
plastic surgeons who perform operations usually for aesthetic reasons
48
Acne Vulgaris
chronic inflammatory disease
| characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin caused by an overproduction of sebum around the hair shaft
49
comedo; name two types of comedones
a noninfected lesion formed by buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle
whitehead-closed comedo
blackhead-open comedo
50
epidermoid cyst
aka sebaceous cyst; closed sac found just under the skin, containing yellow fatty material
51
Seborrhea
overactivity of the sebaceous glands resulting in production of excessive sebum causing scaling and itching of skin or scalp
52
2 examples of seborrhea
excessive dandruff and cradle cap
53
seborrheic keratosis
benign skin growth that has a waxy or pasted on look, vary in color and common among the elderly
54
Anhidrosis
abnormal condition of lacking sweat
55
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
dia means through
phor means movement
esis means abnormal condition
56
heat rash
an intensively itchy rash caused by the blockage of sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells
57
hyperhidrosis
is a condition of excessive sweating in one area or over the whole body
58
sleep hyperhidrosis
aka night sweat
59
folliculitis
inflammation of the hair follicles; common on arms and legs of men
60
trichomycosis axillaris
```
superficial bacterial infection of the hair shafts in areas with extensive sweat glands
trich/o means hair
myc means fungus
osis means abnormal condition
axill means armpit
ary means pertaining to
```
61
hirsutism
presence of excess body and facial hair in women; can be hereditary or a hormone imbalance
62
alopecia
aka baldness; partial or complete loss of hair
63
alopecia areata
an autoimmune disorder that attacks the hair follicles' causing well defined bald areas on the scalp or area of the body; often begins in childhood
64
alopecia totalis
an uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on scalp
65
Alopecia universalis
the total loss of hair on all parts of the body
66
androgenic alopecia
the most common type of hair loss. androgenic means referring to androgens, the hormone involved in the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics.
in men it is called male pattern baldness
67
Clubbing
the abnormal curving of the nails, often accompanied by the enlargement of the fingertips; can be hereditary, but usually caused by oxygen deficiencies
68
koilonychia
aka spoon nail; malformation of the nails, the outer surface is concave or scooped out like a bowl; usually due to an iron deficiency
koil means hollow or concave
onych means fingernail or toenail
ia means condition
69
Onychia
aka onychitis, an inflammation of the bed of the nail that often results in the loss of the nail
70
Onychocryptosis
commonly known as ingrown toenail; edges of the nail curve inward and cuts into the skin
71
Onychomycosis
us a fungal infection of the nail; depending on the fungus involved, it can cause the nails to turn a certain color and become brittle
72
Paronychia
an acute or chronic infection of the skin fold around a nail
73
acanthosis nigricans
condition where one or more areas of the skin develop dark, wart-like patches; can be a sign of cancer or type 2 diabetes
74
age spots
discolorations caused by sun exposure
75
albinism
genetic condition characterized by a deficiency of pigment in the skin, hair, irises of the eye; this condition is the result of a missing enzyme necessary for the production of melanin
76
chloasma
pigmentation disorder; brownish spots on the face; sometimes appear during pregnancy
77
vitiligo
skin condition resulting from destruction of the melanocytes due to unknown causes; irregular patches of white skin; a process known as depigmentation
78
contusion
an injury to underlying tissues without breaking skin; characterized by discoloration and pain
contus means bruise
ion means condition
79
ecchymosis
aka bruise, large irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin
ecchym means pouring out of juice
osis means abnormal condition
80
purpura
the appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin
discolorations smaller than ecchymosis and larger than petechiae
81
petechiae
very small, pinpoint hemorrhages that are less than 2mm in diameter; sometimes results from high fevers
82
hematoma
usually caused by an injury, swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues
83
lesion
a pathological change of the tissues due to disease or injury. described by appearance, location, color and size(cm)
84
crust
aka scab, collection of dried serum and cellular debris
85
erosion
is the wearing away of a surface
86
macule
aka macula; a discolored flat spot that is less than 1 cm in diameter
ie. freckles or moles
87
nodule
solid, raised skin lesion; larger than .5 cm
88
papule
small raised red lesion that is less than 0.5 cm; does not contain pus
ie. small pimples and insect bites
89
plaque
a scaly, solid raised area of closely spaced papules
| also means a fatty buildup in the arteries
90
scales
flakes or dry patches made up of excess epidermal cells
91
verrucae
aka warts; small hard skin lesions caused by human papillomavirus
92
wheal
aka welt; small bump that itches
93
abcess
a closed pocket containing pus that is caused by a bacterial infection
94
purulent
producing or containing pus
95
exudate
a fluid that leaks out of an infected wound
96
cyst
an abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material
97
pustule
aka pimple, a small circumscribed lesion containing pus
| circumscribed means contained with a limited area
98
vesicle
a small blister, containing watery fluid
99
bulla
a large blister
100
abrasion
an injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away
101
fissure
groove or crack-like break in the skin
102
laceration
a torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut wound
103
pressure sore
aka ulcer or bedsore; open ulcerated wound that is caused by prolonged pressure on an area of skin
104
needlestick injury
an accidental puncture wound caused by a used hypodermic needle, potentially transmitting an infection
105
ulcer
an open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
106
Birthmark
mole or blemish on the skin present at birth or shortly after
107
Pigmented birthmark
cafe ar lait spots and other irregularities in skin color
108
vascular birthmarks
caused by blood vessels close to the skin's surface; most common, aka salmon patches or red birthmarks
109
capillary hemangioma
aka strawberry birthmark; soft, raised, pink or red vascular birthmark
110
port-wine stain
flat vascular birthmark made up of dilated blood capillaries, creating a large, reddish purple discoloration on the face or neck
111
Dermatitis
an inflammation of the skin; characterized by redness, swelling and itching
112
Contact Dermatitis
localized allergic response caused by contact with an irritant
ie. diaper rash
113
eczema
aka atopic dermatitis; form of persistent or recurring dermatitis characterized by redness, itching and dryness with possible blistering, cracking, oozing or bleeding
114
Exfoliative dermatitis
condition in which there is wide-spread scaling of the skin; often accompanied by redness and hair loss
115
Pruritus
aka itching
| prurit means itching
116
Erythema
redness of the skin due to capillary dilation
erythem means flushed
dilation means the expansion of capillary
117
Erythema infectiosum
aka fifth disease; mildly contagious viral infection; produces a red, lace-like rash on the child's face
118
Erythema multiforme
skin disorder from a generalized allergic reaction to an illness, infection or medication.
119
Erythema pernio
aka chilblains; purple-red inflammation; when small blood vessels below the skin are damaged, usually due to exposure to cold and damp weather
120
sunburn
form of erythema; skin cells are damaged by exposure to UV rays
121
Erythroderma
abnormal redness of the entire skin surface
122
Exanthem
widespread rash
| rash is a breaking out, that changes color or tecture of skin
123
Hand, foot and mouth disease
mild viral infection, characterized by sores in the mouth and throat and a rash on the hands and feet
124
Dermatosis
general term used to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation
125
ichthyosis
a group of hereditary disorders characterized by dry, thickened and scaly skin; caused by the slowing of the skin's natural shedding process or by a rapid increase in the production of skin's cells
126
lipedema
aka painful fat syndrome; a chronic abnormal condition characterized by the accumulation of fat and fluid in the tissues under skin of hips and legs
127
systemic lupus erythematosus
aka lupus, an autoimmune disorder characterized by red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk, also attacks the connective tissue in the joints
128
psoriasis
common skin disorder characterized by flare-ups in which red papules covered with silvery scales occur on elbows, knees, scalp, back and buttocks
129
Rosacea
aka adult acne; tiny red pimples and broken blood vessels; usually happens to those with fair skin between age of 30-60
130
Rhinophyma
aka bulbous nose; usually in older men; overgrowth of tissues of the nose
rhino means nose
phyma means growth
131
Scleroderma
an autoimmune disorder in which connective tissues become thickened and hardened
affects joints and internal organs
132
Urticaria
aka hives, itchy small bumps caused by an allergic reaction
urtic means rash
aria means connected with
133
xeroderma
aka xerosis; excessively dry skin
xer/o means dry
derma means skin
134
Carbuncle
cluster of connected furuncles(boils)
135
Cellulitis
an acute, rapidly spreading bacterial infection within the connective tissues
-swelling, warmth, red streaks, malaise
do not confuse with celulite
136
Furuncles
aka boils; large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around the hair follicles or sebaceous glands
137
gangrene
death of tissue, a loss of circulation to the affected tissues, followed by bacterial invasion that causes putrefaction(decay). can be fatal if enters bloodstream
138
impetigo
highly contagious bacterial skin infection, common in children.
characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
139
necrotizing fasciitis
sever infection caused by group A strep bacteria, aka flesh-eating bacteria
necrotizing means causing tissue death
fasciitis means inflammation of fascia
140
pyoderma
an acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection
141
mycosis
any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus
myc means fungus
osis means abnormal condition
142
what is tinea and medically name 4 body parts where it occurs
aka ringworm; fungal infection that can grow on the skin, hair or nails. the fungus spreads out in a worm-like circle on the skin
1)Tinea capitis: scalps of children
capitis means head
2) Tinea Corporis: skin on the body
corporis means body
3)Tinea Cruris aka jock itch; genital area
4) Tinea Pedis aka athlete's foot; commonly found between the toes
pedis means feet
143
Tinea Versicolor
fungal infection that causes painless, discolored areas on the skin
versicolor means variety of colors
144
infestation
dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue
145
pediculosis
an infestation with lice
146
name three types of lice
pediculosis capitis; infestation of head lice
pediculosis corporis: infestation of body lice
pediculosis pubis: lice infestation in the pubic hair and pubic region
147
Scabies
skin infection caused by an infestation of itch mites
| these mites cause small itchy bumps and blisters by burrowing into the top layer of human skin and lay their eggs
148
callus
thickening part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing
149
clavus or corn
callus in the keratin layer of skin covering the joints of toes; usually caused by ill-fitting shoes
150
cicatrix
normal scar from the healing of a wound
151
granulation tissue
the tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound; eventually forms the scar
152
granuloma
a small, knot-like swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis; resulting from inflammation, injury or infection
153
keloid
abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original incision
kel means growth or tumor
oid means resembling
154
keratosis
any skin growth such as a wart or callus,in which there is overgrowth or thickening of the skin
155
lipoma
a benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and the muscle layer
156
Nevus
aka mole, a small dark skin growth that develops from melanocytes
157
dyplastic nevi
atypical moles that cacn develop into skin cancer
158
papilloma
a benign, superficial, wart-like growth on the epithelial tissue or elsewhere in body
papill means resembling a nipple
159
polyp
a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane
160
Skin tags
small, flesh-colored or light brown polyps that hang from the body by fine stalks; tend to enlarge with age
161
skin cancer
malignant growth, including repeated severe sunburns or long-term exposure to the sun
162
three main types of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma
163
actinic keratosis
aka solar keratosis; precancerous skin growth that occurs on sun-damaged skin.
164
basal cell carcinoma
a malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis; most common and least harmful; slow growing and rarely spreads
-lesions on the face or neck tend to bleed easily
165
Squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the scaly squamous cells of the epithelium; spreads quickly, begins as skin lesions that will not heal or have a crusted look
166
malignant melanoma
type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes; the most serious type of skin cancer
often first signs are changes to the size, shape or color of a mole
167
burn
an injury to body tissues by heat, flame, electricity, sun, chemicals or radiation
168
three burn levels and difference
first-degree burn aka superficial burn; no blisters
second-degree burn aka partial thickness burn; blisters, damage to the epidermis and dermis
third-degree burn aka full thickness burn; damage to the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers, possibly to the muscle and bone below
169
biopsy
removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination or to establish diagnosis
170
incisional biopsy
a piece of tumor or lesion removed
171
excisional biopsy
the entire tumor or lesion and margin of surrounding tissue removed
172
needle biopsy
hollow needle is used to remove a core of tissue for examination
173
exfoliative cytology
aka skin scraping
174
sunscreen
blocks out harmful uvb rays; measured in strength by SPF(sun protective factor)
175
cauterization
the destruction of tissue by burning
176
chemabrasion
aka chemical peel; use of chemicals to remove outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring, fine wrinkling and keratoses
177
cryosurgery
aka freezing; destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells such as warts or tumors through the applicatio of extreme cold
cry/o means coldn
178
curettage
the removal of material from the surface by scraping
179
debridement
form of abrasion involving the use of a revolving wire brush or sandpaper; to remove acne and chickenpox scars
180
electrodessication
a surgical technique in which tissue is destroyed using an electric spark.
used primarily to remove superficial growths and seal off blood vessels
181
incision
cut made used a surgical instrument
182
Mohs surgery
technique used to treat various types of skin cancer. individual layers of cancerous tissue are removed and examined under a microscope one at a time until a margin that is clear of all cancerous tissue has been achieved.
183
laser is an acronym for
light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
184
photodynamic therapy
a technique used to treat damaged and precancerous skin
185
retinoids
a class of chemical compounds derived from vitamin A that are used in skin care and treatment
186
isotretinoin
aka Accutane, powerful retinoid takin in pill form for the treatment of severe acne
187
tretinoin
the active ingredient in Retin-a and renova used to treat sun-damaged skin acne and wrinkles
188
blepharoplasty
aka lid lift, the surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids by removing sagging skin
blephar/o means eyelid
plasty means surgical repair
189
BCC
basal cell carcinoma
190
caut
cauterization
191
Ecz, Ez
eczema
192
I & D
incision and drainage
193
MM
Malignant melanoma
194
NF
necrotizing fasciitis
195
PDT
photodynamic therapy
196
SCD
scleroderma
197
SCC
Squamous cell carcinoma
198
SC, subq
subcutaneous
