The Human Body in Health and Disease Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Anatomic Reference Systems

A

describe the locations of the structural units of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 Anatomical Reference systems

A

Body planes, body directions, body cavities, structural units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structures of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions of the structures of the body
physi- means nature or physical
-ology means study of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anatomic Position

A

Describes the body standing in standard position: standing up straight so the body is erect and facing forward, holding the arms at the sides with the palms facing toward the front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Body Planes

A

imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 Types of vertical planes and explain

A

sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into uneven left and right portions
Midsagittal plane divided the body evenly into left and right planes
Frontal plane aka coronal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior planes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name and Explain a type of horizontal plane

A

Transverse plane: divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
-can be at any level across the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ventral body direction

A

refers to the front or belly side of the organ or body
ventr means belly side of the body
al means pertaining to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dorsal body direction

A

refers to the back of the organ or body
dors means back
al means pertaining to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the opposite of dorsal

A

ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

anterior and posterior body direction

A

anterior means situated in the front. also front or forward part of organ
posterior means situated in the back. also means on the back part of the organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

superior and inferior body directions

A

superior is the uppermost, above or toward the head

inferior means lowermost, below or toward the feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cephalic and caudal body directions

A

cephalic means toward the head

caudal means toward the lower part of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Proximal and distal body directions

A

proximal means situated nearest the midline

distal means situated furthest from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

medial and lateral body direction

A

medial means the direction toward or nearer the midline

lateral means the direction toward or nearer the side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two major body cavities

A

the dorsal and ventral body cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What two cavities make up the dorsal cavity

A

the cranial and spinal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 3 cavities make up the ventral cavity

A

thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what parts are part of the thoracic cavity

A

the heart and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which organs are in the abdominal cavity

A

the digestive organs such as the stomach, the intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what organs are found in the pelvic cavity

A

the reproductive organs and excretory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

the diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the term used when referring to the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

A

the abdominopelvic cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

inguinal

A

means relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name the 9 regions of the thorax and abdomen

A

right and left hypochondriac regions, epigastric region, right and left lumbar regions, umbilical region, right and left iliac regions, hypogastric region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Chondr/i

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

hypochondriac

A

below the ribs. also a term to describe an individual with an abnormal concern for their health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

epigastric

A

above the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

lumbar

A

part of the back between the ribs and pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

hypogastric

A

below the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Name the quadrants of the abdomen

A

Right and left upper quadrants, right and left lower quadrants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Peritoneum

A

multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

membrane

A

thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall?

A

The parietal peritoneum

parietal means cavity wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Name the layers of the peritoneum (3)

A

parietal peritoneum, mesentery, visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Parietal peritonium

A

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

mesentery

A

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

means located behind the peritoneum
retro means behind
periton means peritoneum
eal means pertaining to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what are the structures of the body from smallest to largest (4)

A

cells, tissues, organs, body systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of the body. are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

cytology

A

is the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

cytologist

A

a specialist in the study and analysis of cells
cyte means cell
ologist means specialist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

cell membrane

A

is the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

cytoplasm

A

is the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
cyto means cell
plasm means formative material of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

nucleus and what are its two major functions

A

structure within the cell surrounded by the nuclear membrane; it controls the activities of the cell and it helps the cell divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the two characteristics that differentiates stem cells from other cells

A

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time
under certain conditions, can transform into cells with special functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Adult stem cells

A

aka somatic stem cells; undifferentiated cells in a tissue or organ.
maintains and repairs the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the primary role of an adult stem cell

A

to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

undifferentiated means…differentiated means

A

not having a specialized function vs having a specialized function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

embryonic stem cell

A

undifferentiated cells that have the ability to form any adult cell
embry/o mean fertilized ovum
-nic means pertaining to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

These cells can grow rapidly in a laboratory and could be a source for adult muscle, liver, bone or blood cells

A

embryonic stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

_____ a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

A

gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Genetics

A

the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
gene means producing
-tics means pertaining to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Genome

A

the complete set of genetic information of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

chromosome and what do they consist of?

A

genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell; made up of DNA molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Each chromosome contains about 100,000 genes, True or false?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Somatic cell

A

any cell the the body except the gametes. (sex cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How many chromosomes can be found in a somatic cell?

A

46 (23 pairs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Gamete cells and how many chromosomes found?

A

Gamete is also known as a sex cell. it contains 23 single chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

It is the X and Y chromosome from the mother that determines the gender of the child. True of false?

A

False, the father’s chromosomes determine the child’s gender.

63
Q

DNA

A

is found in the nucleus of all types of cells except erythrocytes

64
Q

Erythrocytes have a nucleus. True or false.

A

False

65
Q

Genetic Mutation

A

change of the sequence of a DNA molecule; may be due to exposure to radiation or environmental pollution.

66
Q

Somatic cell mutation

A

change within the cells of the body; these changes affect the individual and cannot be transmitted to the next generation.

67
Q

Gametic cell mutation

A

change within the genes in a gamete; that can be transmitted by a parent to their children.

68
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

the manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes.
ie. the production of human insulin from modified bacteria

69
Q

Genetic Disorder

A

AKA hereditary disorder; a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.

70
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

a genetic disorder that affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.

71
Q

Down Syndrome

A

a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease.

72
Q

Hemophilia

A

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood clotting factor is missing; usually characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury.

73
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

A genetic disorder that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife.
Degeneration means worsening condition.
-eventually leads to uncontrolled movements and the loss of some mental abilities

74
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement.

75
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

a rare genetic disorder in which the essential enzyme PKU is missing. causes severe intellectual disability.

76
Q

Tissue

A

group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions.

77
Q

Histology

A

the microscopic study of the structure, composition and function of tissues.

78
Q

Histologist

A

specializes in the microscopic studies of tissues

79
Q

Four main types of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue

80
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body; these tissues also form glands

81
Q

Two types of epithelial tissue

A

Epithelium and endothelium

82
Q

Epithelium tissue

A

is specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

83
Q

Endothelium

A

the specialized tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands and organs

84
Q

Connective tissue and 4 types

A

support and connect organs and other body tissues.

dense connective tissues, adipose tissues, loose connective tissues, and liquid connective tissues

85
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

form the joints and framework of the body

such as bones and cartilage

86
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

provides protective padding, insulation and support aka fat

87
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

88
Q

Liquid connective tissue

A

which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

89
Q

Muscle tissue

A

contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

90
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

91
Q

Aplasia

A

the defective development, or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue

92
Q

Hypoplasia

A

is the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
hypo means deficient
plasia means formation

93
Q

Anaplasia

A

is a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
ana means backward
plasia means formation

94
Q

dysplasia

A

is the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or organs
dys means bad
plasia means formation

95
Q

hyperplasia

A

is the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
hyper means excessive
plasia means formation

96
Q

hypertrophy

A

is a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues
hyper means excessive
trophy means development

97
Q

Gland

A

a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

98
Q

secretion

A

is the substance produced by a gland

99
Q

Two major types of glands

A

exocrine glands and endocrine glands

100
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands

101
Q

endocrine glands

A

produce hormones, do not have ducts. these hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and are transported to organs and structures

102
Q

Aden/o

A

gland

103
Q

adenoids

A

refers to a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx

104
Q

adenitis

A

inflammation of a gland

105
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
aden/o means gland
carcin means cancerous
oma means tumour

106
Q

adenoma

A

a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

107
Q

adenomalacia

A

is the abnormal softening of a gland

108
Q

adenosis

A

any disease or condition of a gland

109
Q

adenosclerosis

A

is the abnormal hardening of a gland
adeno means gland
sclerosis means abnormal hardening

110
Q

adenectomy

A

is the surgical removal of a gland
aden/o means gland
ectomy means surgical removal

111
Q

organ

A

a somewhat independent body part that performs a specific function

112
Q

pathology

A

the study of disease

113
Q

etiology

A

the study of causes of diseases
eti means cause
ology means the study of

114
Q

pathogen

A

a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus

115
Q

transmission

A

the spread of a disease

116
Q

communicable disease

A

aka contagious disease, is any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or indirectly.

117
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface.

118
Q

bloodborne transmission

A

spread of a disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated by infected blood

119
Q

droplet transmission

A

spread of diseases through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person or object.

120
Q

airborne transmission

A

occurs through contact with germs floating in the air

121
Q

food-borne and waterborne transmission

A

aka Fecal-oral transmission, is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens.

122
Q

vector-borne transmission

A

spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector. vector describes insects or animals capable of transmitting disease

123
Q

epidemiologist

A

specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group

124
Q

endemic

A

ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group or area

125
Q

epidemic

A

a sudden widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

126
Q

pandemic

A

outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

127
Q

functional disorder

A

produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

128
Q

iatrogenic illness

A

unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

129
Q

idiopathic illness

A

an illness without known cause

130
Q

infectious disease

A

an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms

131
Q

nosocomial infection

A

a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

132
Q

organic disorder

A

produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body

133
Q

Congenital disorder

A

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

congenital means existing at birth

134
Q

developmental disorder

A

aka birth defect, can result in an anomaly or malformation

135
Q

anomaly

A

a deviation from what is regarded as normal

136
Q

atresia

A

describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular

137
Q

prenatal influences

A

the mother’s health, her behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery

138
Q

premature birth

A

a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development

139
Q

birth injuries

A

congenital disorders that were not present before the evens surrounding the time of birth

140
Q

cerebral palsy

A

the result of brain damage , can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birth process

141
Q

Gerontology

A

the study of medical problems and care of older people

142
Q

postmortem

A

means after death

143
Q

general practitioner

A

family practice physician, provides ongoing care for patients of all ages

144
Q

internist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems

145
Q

pediatrician

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children

146
Q

geriatrician

A

a physician who specializes in the care of older people

147
Q

nurse practitioner

A

a nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider

148
Q

physician assistant

A

licensed professional who works under supervision of a physician

149
Q

medical receptionist

A

schedules and registers patients for appointments

150
Q

medical assistant

A

performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor’s office

151
Q

medical coder

A

reviews patient’s medical records and assigns appropriate codes for treatment and services provided to each patient based on codes for medical diagnoses, equipment and procedures

152
Q

intensivist

A

a physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU

153
Q

telemetry

A

unit provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care

154
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.
visceral means relating to the internal organs