The Human Body in Health and Disease Flashcards
Anatomic Reference Systems
describe the locations of the structural units of the body
4 Anatomical Reference systems
Body planes, body directions, body cavities, structural units
Anatomy
The study of the structures of the body
physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body
physi- means nature or physical
-ology means study of
Anatomic Position
Describes the body standing in standard position: standing up straight so the body is erect and facing forward, holding the arms at the sides with the palms facing toward the front
Body Planes
imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
3 Types of vertical planes and explain
sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into uneven left and right portions
Midsagittal plane divided the body evenly into left and right planes
Frontal plane aka coronal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior planes
Name and Explain a type of horizontal plane
Transverse plane: divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
-can be at any level across the body
Ventral body direction
refers to the front or belly side of the organ or body
ventr means belly side of the body
al means pertaining to
Dorsal body direction
refers to the back of the organ or body
dors means back
al means pertaining to
what is the opposite of dorsal
ventral
anterior and posterior body direction
anterior means situated in the front. also front or forward part of organ
posterior means situated in the back. also means on the back part of the organ
superior and inferior body directions
superior is the uppermost, above or toward the head
inferior means lowermost, below or toward the feet
Cephalic and caudal body directions
cephalic means toward the head
caudal means toward the lower part of the body
Proximal and distal body directions
proximal means situated nearest the midline
distal means situated furthest from the midline
medial and lateral body direction
medial means the direction toward or nearer the midline
lateral means the direction toward or nearer the side of the body
What are the two major body cavities
the dorsal and ventral body cavities
What two cavities make up the dorsal cavity
the cranial and spinal cavity
What 3 cavities make up the ventral cavity
thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
what parts are part of the thoracic cavity
the heart and lungs
which organs are in the abdominal cavity
the digestive organs such as the stomach, the intestines
what organs are found in the pelvic cavity
the reproductive organs and excretory systems
what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
the diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
What is the term used when referring to the abdominal and pelvic cavities?
the abdominopelvic cavities
inguinal
means relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
Name the 9 regions of the thorax and abdomen
right and left hypochondriac regions, epigastric region, right and left lumbar regions, umbilical region, right and left iliac regions, hypogastric region
Chondr/i
cartilage
hypochondriac
below the ribs. also a term to describe an individual with an abnormal concern for their health
epigastric
above the stomach
lumbar
part of the back between the ribs and pelvis
hypogastric
below the stomach
Name the quadrants of the abdomen
Right and left upper quadrants, right and left lower quadrants
Peritoneum
multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
membrane
thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ
What is the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall?
The parietal peritoneum
parietal means cavity wall
Name the layers of the peritoneum (3)
parietal peritoneum, mesentery, visceral
Parietal peritonium
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.
Retroperitoneal
means located behind the peritoneum
retro means behind
periton means peritoneum
eal means pertaining to
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
what are the structures of the body from smallest to largest (4)
cells, tissues, organs, body systems
Cells
the basic structural and functional units of the body. are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs
cytology
is the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell
cytologist
a specialist in the study and analysis of cells
cyte means cell
ologist means specialist
cell membrane
is the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment
cytoplasm
is the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
cyto means cell
plasm means formative material of cells
nucleus and what are its two major functions
structure within the cell surrounded by the nuclear membrane; it controls the activities of the cell and it helps the cell divide
What are the two characteristics that differentiates stem cells from other cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time
under certain conditions, can transform into cells with special functions
Adult stem cells
aka somatic stem cells; undifferentiated cells in a tissue or organ.
maintains and repairs the tissue
what is the primary role of an adult stem cell
to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found
undifferentiated means…differentiated means
not having a specialized function vs having a specialized function
embryonic stem cell
undifferentiated cells that have the ability to form any adult cell
embry/o mean fertilized ovum
-nic means pertaining to
These cells can grow rapidly in a laboratory and could be a source for adult muscle, liver, bone or blood cells
embryonic stem cell
_____ a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
gene
Genetics
the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
gene means producing
-tics means pertaining to
Genome
the complete set of genetic information of an organism
chromosome and what do they consist of?
genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell; made up of DNA molecules
Each chromosome contains about 100,000 genes, True or false?
True
Somatic cell
any cell the the body except the gametes. (sex cell)
How many chromosomes can be found in a somatic cell?
46 (23 pairs)
Gamete cells and how many chromosomes found?
Gamete is also known as a sex cell. it contains 23 single chromosomes.