The Human Body in Health and Disease Flashcards
Anatomic Reference Systems
describe the locations of the structural units of the body
4 Anatomical Reference systems
Body planes, body directions, body cavities, structural units
Anatomy
The study of the structures of the body
physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body
physi- means nature or physical
-ology means study of
Anatomic Position
Describes the body standing in standard position: standing up straight so the body is erect and facing forward, holding the arms at the sides with the palms facing toward the front
Body Planes
imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
3 Types of vertical planes and explain
sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into uneven left and right portions
Midsagittal plane divided the body evenly into left and right planes
Frontal plane aka coronal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior planes
Name and Explain a type of horizontal plane
Transverse plane: divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
-can be at any level across the body
Ventral body direction
refers to the front or belly side of the organ or body
ventr means belly side of the body
al means pertaining to
Dorsal body direction
refers to the back of the organ or body
dors means back
al means pertaining to
what is the opposite of dorsal
ventral
anterior and posterior body direction
anterior means situated in the front. also front or forward part of organ
posterior means situated in the back. also means on the back part of the organ
superior and inferior body directions
superior is the uppermost, above or toward the head
inferior means lowermost, below or toward the feet
Cephalic and caudal body directions
cephalic means toward the head
caudal means toward the lower part of the body
Proximal and distal body directions
proximal means situated nearest the midline
distal means situated furthest from the midline
medial and lateral body direction
medial means the direction toward or nearer the midline
lateral means the direction toward or nearer the side of the body
What are the two major body cavities
the dorsal and ventral body cavities
What two cavities make up the dorsal cavity
the cranial and spinal cavity
What 3 cavities make up the ventral cavity
thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
what parts are part of the thoracic cavity
the heart and lungs
which organs are in the abdominal cavity
the digestive organs such as the stomach, the intestines
what organs are found in the pelvic cavity
the reproductive organs and excretory systems
what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
the diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
What is the term used when referring to the abdominal and pelvic cavities?
the abdominopelvic cavities
inguinal
means relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
Name the 9 regions of the thorax and abdomen
right and left hypochondriac regions, epigastric region, right and left lumbar regions, umbilical region, right and left iliac regions, hypogastric region
Chondr/i
cartilage
hypochondriac
below the ribs. also a term to describe an individual with an abnormal concern for their health
epigastric
above the stomach
lumbar
part of the back between the ribs and pelvis
hypogastric
below the stomach
Name the quadrants of the abdomen
Right and left upper quadrants, right and left lower quadrants
Peritoneum
multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
membrane
thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ
What is the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall?
The parietal peritoneum
parietal means cavity wall
Name the layers of the peritoneum (3)
parietal peritoneum, mesentery, visceral
Parietal peritonium
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.
Retroperitoneal
means located behind the peritoneum
retro means behind
periton means peritoneum
eal means pertaining to
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
what are the structures of the body from smallest to largest (4)
cells, tissues, organs, body systems
Cells
the basic structural and functional units of the body. are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs
cytology
is the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell
cytologist
a specialist in the study and analysis of cells
cyte means cell
ologist means specialist
cell membrane
is the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment
cytoplasm
is the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
cyto means cell
plasm means formative material of cells
nucleus and what are its two major functions
structure within the cell surrounded by the nuclear membrane; it controls the activities of the cell and it helps the cell divide
What are the two characteristics that differentiates stem cells from other cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time
under certain conditions, can transform into cells with special functions
Adult stem cells
aka somatic stem cells; undifferentiated cells in a tissue or organ.
maintains and repairs the tissue
what is the primary role of an adult stem cell
to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found
undifferentiated means…differentiated means
not having a specialized function vs having a specialized function
embryonic stem cell
undifferentiated cells that have the ability to form any adult cell
embry/o mean fertilized ovum
-nic means pertaining to
These cells can grow rapidly in a laboratory and could be a source for adult muscle, liver, bone or blood cells
embryonic stem cell
_____ a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
gene
Genetics
the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
gene means producing
-tics means pertaining to
Genome
the complete set of genetic information of an organism
chromosome and what do they consist of?
genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell; made up of DNA molecules
Each chromosome contains about 100,000 genes, True or false?
True
Somatic cell
any cell the the body except the gametes. (sex cell)
How many chromosomes can be found in a somatic cell?
46 (23 pairs)
Gamete cells and how many chromosomes found?
Gamete is also known as a sex cell. it contains 23 single chromosomes.
It is the X and Y chromosome from the mother that determines the gender of the child. True of false?
False, the father’s chromosomes determine the child’s gender.
DNA
is found in the nucleus of all types of cells except erythrocytes
Erythrocytes have a nucleus. True or false.
False
Genetic Mutation
change of the sequence of a DNA molecule; may be due to exposure to radiation or environmental pollution.
Somatic cell mutation
change within the cells of the body; these changes affect the individual and cannot be transmitted to the next generation.
Gametic cell mutation
change within the genes in a gamete; that can be transmitted by a parent to their children.
Genetic Engineering
the manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes.
ie. the production of human insulin from modified bacteria
Genetic Disorder
AKA hereditary disorder; a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.
Cystic Fibrosis
a genetic disorder that affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.
Down Syndrome
a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease.
Hemophilia
a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood clotting factor is missing; usually characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury.
Huntington’s disease
A genetic disorder that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife.
Degeneration means worsening condition.
-eventually leads to uncontrolled movements and the loss of some mental abilities
Muscular dystrophy
a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement.
Phenylketonuria
a rare genetic disorder in which the essential enzyme PKU is missing. causes severe intellectual disability.
Tissue
group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions.
Histology
the microscopic study of the structure, composition and function of tissues.
Histologist
specializes in the microscopic studies of tissues
Four main types of tissue
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue
Epithelial tissue
forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body; these tissues also form glands
Two types of epithelial tissue
Epithelium and endothelium
Epithelium tissue
is specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
Endothelium
the specialized tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands and organs
Connective tissue and 4 types
support and connect organs and other body tissues.
dense connective tissues, adipose tissues, loose connective tissues, and liquid connective tissues
Dense connective tissue
form the joints and framework of the body
such as bones and cartilage
Adipose Tissue
provides protective padding, insulation and support aka fat
Loose Connective Tissue
surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
Liquid connective tissue
which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
Muscle tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
Nerve Tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
Aplasia
the defective development, or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue
Hypoplasia
is the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
hypo means deficient
plasia means formation
Anaplasia
is a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
ana means backward
plasia means formation
dysplasia
is the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or organs
dys means bad
plasia means formation
hyperplasia
is the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
hyper means excessive
plasia means formation
hypertrophy
is a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues
hyper means excessive
trophy means development
Gland
a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
secretion
is the substance produced by a gland
Two major types of glands
exocrine glands and endocrine glands
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands
endocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts. these hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and are transported to organs and structures
Aden/o
gland
adenoids
refers to a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
adenocarcinoma
a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
aden/o means gland
carcin means cancerous
oma means tumour
adenoma
a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue
adenomalacia
is the abnormal softening of a gland
adenosis
any disease or condition of a gland
adenosclerosis
is the abnormal hardening of a gland
adeno means gland
sclerosis means abnormal hardening
adenectomy
is the surgical removal of a gland
aden/o means gland
ectomy means surgical removal
organ
a somewhat independent body part that performs a specific function
pathology
the study of disease
etiology
the study of causes of diseases
eti means cause
ology means the study of
pathogen
a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus
transmission
the spread of a disease
communicable disease
aka contagious disease, is any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or indirectly.
indirect contact transmission
situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface.
bloodborne transmission
spread of a disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated by infected blood
droplet transmission
spread of diseases through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person or object.
airborne transmission
occurs through contact with germs floating in the air
food-borne and waterborne transmission
aka Fecal-oral transmission, is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens.
vector-borne transmission
spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector. vector describes insects or animals capable of transmitting disease
epidemiologist
specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
endemic
ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group or area
epidemic
a sudden widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
pandemic
outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
functional disorder
produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
iatrogenic illness
unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
idiopathic illness
an illness without known cause
infectious disease
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms
nosocomial infection
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
organic disorder
produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body
Congenital disorder
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
congenital means existing at birth
developmental disorder
aka birth defect, can result in an anomaly or malformation
anomaly
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
atresia
describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular
prenatal influences
the mother’s health, her behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery
premature birth
a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development
birth injuries
congenital disorders that were not present before the evens surrounding the time of birth
cerebral palsy
the result of brain damage , can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birth process
Gerontology
the study of medical problems and care of older people
postmortem
means after death
general practitioner
family practice physician, provides ongoing care for patients of all ages
internist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems
pediatrician
a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children
geriatrician
a physician who specializes in the care of older people
nurse practitioner
a nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider
physician assistant
licensed professional who works under supervision of a physician
medical receptionist
schedules and registers patients for appointments
medical assistant
performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor’s office
medical coder
reviews patient’s medical records and assigns appropriate codes for treatment and services provided to each patient based on codes for medical diagnoses, equipment and procedures
intensivist
a physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU
telemetry
unit provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care
visceral peritoneum
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.
visceral means relating to the internal organs
