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Medical Terminology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Primary Function of the nose

A

exchanges air during inhaling and exhaling; warms, moisturizes and filters inhaled air

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2
Q

primary function of the sinuses

A

produce mucus for the nasal cavities, make bones of the skill lighter, aid in sound production

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3
Q

primary function of the pharynx

A

transports air back and forth between the nose and the trachea

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4
Q

primary function of the larynx

A

makes speech possible

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5
Q

primary function of the trachea

A

transports air back and forth between the pharynx and the bronchi

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6
Q

alveoli

A

very small grape-like structures found at the ends of the bronchioles; air sacs that exchange gases with the pulmonary capillary blood

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7
Q

primary functions of the lungs

A

brings oxygen into the body, and removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body

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8
Q

functions of the respiratory system (4)

A

deliver air to lungs, convey oxygen from the inhaled air to the blood for delivery to the body cells, expel waste products returned to the lungs by the blood through exhalation, produce airflow through the larynx to make speech possible

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9
Q

the respiratory system is divided into:

A

upper respiratory tract (nose, mouth, epiglottis, larynx and trachea)
lower respiratory tract (bronchial tree and lungs)

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10
Q

airway

A

describes the upper respiratory tract and the bronchial tree

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11
Q

nasal septum

A

a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections

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12
Q

cilia

A

the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filters incoming air to remove debris

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13
Q

mucous membranes

A

specialized tissue that lines the nose; also lines the digestive, reproductive, urinary systems and other parts of the respiratory system

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14
Q

mucus

A

a slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protects and lubricates these tissues

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15
Q

olfactory receptors

A

nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell; also important to the sense of taste

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16
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

air-filled cavities lined with mucous membranes are located in the bones of the skill

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17
Q

primary functions of the sinuses(3)

A

to make the skull bones lighter, to help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice, to produce mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues and nasal cavity

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18
Q

frontal sinuses

A

are located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows

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19
Q

sphenoid sinuses

A

located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, close to the optic nerves

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20
Q

maxillary sinuses

A

the largest of the paranasal sinuses; located in the maxillary bones under the eyes

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21
Q

ethmoid sinuses

A

located in the ethmoid bones between the nose and the eyes

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22
Q

pharynx

A

aka throat; receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth

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23
Q

pharynx is made up of 3 divisions:

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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24
Q

nasopharynx

A

the first division; posterior to the nasal cavity and continues down behind the mouth; this portion is used only by the respiratory system for the transport of air and opens into the oropharynx

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25
Q

oropharynx

A

the second division; visible when looking into the mouth; it is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems; transports air, food and fluids downward to the laryngopharynx

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26
Q

laryngopharynx

A

the third division; also shared by respiratory and digestive system; where continues down the opening of the esophagus into the trachea and food, fluids continue down to the esophagus

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27
Q

larynx

A

aka voice box; triangular chamber located between the trachea and the pharynx

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28
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

is the largest, and when enlarged it projects from the front of the throat and is commonly known as an adam’s apple

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29
Q

epiglottis

A

which is a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs

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30
Q

trachea

A

aka wind pipe; this tube located directly in front of the esophagus; transports air to and from the lungs

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31
Q

bronchi

A

two large tubes; which branch out from the trachea and convey air into the two lungs

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32
Q

lungs

A

the essential organs of respiration; divided into lobes

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33
Q

right lung

A

larger and has three lobes: the upper, middle and lower

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34
Q

left lung

A

has only 2 lobes, upper and lower

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35
Q

mediastinum

A

the middle section of the chest cavity and is located between the lungs

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36
Q

pleura

A

a thin, moist and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

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37
Q

parietal pleura

A

the outer layer of the pleura; attached to the chest wall, covers the diaphragm and forms the sac containing each lung

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38
Q

visceral pleura

A

the inner layer of the pleura that covers each lung; attached directly to the lungs

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39
Q

pleural cavity

A

thin, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes

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40
Q

diaphragm

A

dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen; the contraction and relaxation of this muscle makes breathing possible

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41
Q

phrenic nerves

A

stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract

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42
Q

respiration

A

the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life.

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43
Q

inhalation

A

the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

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44
Q

exhalation

A

is the act of breathing out; as the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward causing the thoracic to narrow and force air out of the lungs

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45
Q

external respiration

A

the act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and in the process, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide

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46
Q

internal respiration

A

the exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues

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47
Q

otolaryngologist

A

aka ENT, a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck

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48
Q

pulmonologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases who specializes in diagnoses and disorders of the respiratory system

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49
Q

thoracic surgeon

A

performs operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs and esophagus

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50
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

a group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breath out

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51
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

a disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke

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52
Q

emphysema

A

the progressive, long term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking; characterized by a decrease in the total number of alveoli

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53
Q

asthma

A

a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction

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54
Q

airway inflammation

A

the swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus

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55
Q

bronchospasm

A

a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut

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56
Q

upper respiratory infections

A

used to describe the common cold; can be caused by any one of 200 different viruses

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57
Q

allergic rhinitis

A

commonly referred to as an allergy; is an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus

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58
Q

croup

A

an acute respiratory infection in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness and swelling around the vocal cords

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59
Q

diphtheria

A

an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract; diphtheria bacteria produce toxins that can damage heat muscle and peripheral nerves

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60
Q

epistaxis

A

aka nosebleed; bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent blood clotting or high blood pressure

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61
Q

influenza

A

aka flu, an acute, highly contagious viral infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills and muscle pain.

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62
Q

pertussis

A

aka whooping cough; a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough

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63
Q

rhinorrhea

A

aka runny nose; the watery flow of mucus from the nose

64
Q

sinusitis

A

an inflammation of the sinuses

65
Q

pharyngitis

A

aka sore throat; an inflammation of the pharynx

66
Q

laryngospasm

A

the sudden spasmodic, closure of the larynx

67
Q

aphonia

A

the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

68
Q

dysphonia

A

difficulty in speaking which may include any impairment in vocal quality

69
Q

laryngitis

A

an inflammation of the larynx; commonly used to describe voice loss that is caused by this inflammation

70
Q

tracheorrhagia

A

bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea

71
Q

bronchiectasis

A

the permanent dilation of the bronchi caused by chronic infection and inflammation

72
Q

bronchorrhea

A

an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi

73
Q

pleurisy

A

an inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity

74
Q

pleurodynia

A

a sharp pain that occurs when the inflamed membranes rub against each other with each inhalation

75
Q

pleural effusion

A

the excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space; produces a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding

76
Q

pyothorax

A

the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane

77
Q

empyema

A

a collection of pus in a body cavity

78
Q

hemothorax

A

a collection of blood in the pleural cavity

79
Q

pneumothorax

A

the accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to partially or fully collapse

80
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

a life-threatening condition in which inflammation in the lings and fluid in the alveoli lead to low levels of oxygen in the blood

81
Q

atelectasis

A

or collapsed lung, is the incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax

82
Q

pulmonary edema

A

an accumulation of fluid in lund tissues, especially in alveoli

83
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

the sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region

84
Q

pneumorrhagia

A

bleeding from the lungs

85
Q

tuberculosis

A

an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. usually attacks the lungs; but can also affect other parts of the body

86
Q

pneumonia

A

a serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids

87
Q

two types of bacterial pneumonia

A

bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia

88
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

a localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles

89
Q

lobar pneumonia

A

affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections or lobes of a lung

90
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs

91
Q

bacterial pneumonia

A

commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination

92
Q

community-acquired pneumonia

A

any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital

93
Q

walking pneumonia

A

a milder but longer-lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria mycoplasma pneumoniae.

94
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia

A

an opportunistic infection caused by a yeast like fungus

95
Q

viral pneumonia

A

can be caused by several different types of viruses, accounts for approximately a third of all pneumonias

96
Q

interstitial lung disease

A

refers to a group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures.

97
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

the progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing

98
Q

pneuoconiosis

A

any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungsafter prolonged environmental or occupational contact

99
Q

asbestosis

A

caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos

100
Q

silicosis

A

caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork and sandblasting

101
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus.

102
Q

lung cancer

A

a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung

103
Q

eupnea

A

the baseline for judging some breathing disorders

104
Q

apnea

A

the temporary absence of spontaneous respiration

105
Q

bradypnea

A

an abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute

106
Q

cheyne-stokes respiration

A

an irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea

107
Q

tachypnea

A

an abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breathes per minute

108
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

109
Q

hyperpnea

A

breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest

110
Q

hypopnea

A

shallow or slow respiration

111
Q

hyperventilation

A

an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety

112
Q

sleep apnea

A

a potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep

113
Q

expectoration

A

the act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus or other body fluid

114
Q

hemptysis

A

the expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage

115
Q

airway obstruction

A

aka choking; occurs when food or a foreign object blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs

116
Q

anoxia

A

the absence of oxygen from the body’s tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood

117
Q

hypoxia

A

the condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body’s tissues and organs

118
Q

asphyxia

A

the loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function

119
Q

cyanosis

A

a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood

120
Q

hypercapnia

A

the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood

121
Q

hypoxemia

A

the condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood

122
Q

respiratory failure

A

a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood become dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high

123
Q

smoke inhalation

A

damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases

124
Q

sudden infant death syndrome

A

the sudden and inexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 2 months and 6 months

125
Q

bronchoscopy

A

the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope

126
Q

chest x-ray

A

a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax and etc

127
Q

laryngoscopy

A

the visual examination of the larynx and the vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth

128
Q

peak flow meter

A

an inexpensive handheld device used to let patients with asthma measure air flowing out of the lungs; revealing any narrowing of the airways in advance of an asthma attack

129
Q

polysomnography

A

measures physiological activity during sleep

130
Q

pulmonary function tests

A

group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by using a spirometer

131
Q

spirometer

A

a recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled volume and the length of time required for each breath

132
Q

pulse oximeter

A

an external monitor placed on the patient’s fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation in the blood

133
Q

sputum

A

phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes

134
Q

phlegm

A

thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining in the respiratory passages

135
Q

tuberculin skin testing

A

a screening test for tuberculosis in which a very small amount of PPD tuberculin is injected under the top layer of the skin on the forearm; the site is checked for a reaction 48 to 72 hours later

136
Q

antitussive

A

medicine administered to prevent or relieve coughing

137
Q

bronchilodilator

A

an inhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs

138
Q

metered-dose inhaler

A

administers a specific amount of a medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form

139
Q

nebulizer

A

an electronic device that pumps or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist, which is inhaled by the patient via mouthpiece

140
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

the passage of a tube trough the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway

141
Q

functional endoscopic sinus surgery

A

a procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus

142
Q

laryngectomy

A

the surgical removal of the larynx

143
Q

septoplasty

A

the surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum

144
Q

tracheostomy

A

the surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing

145
Q

tracheotomy

A

a procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below the blockage

146
Q

pneumonectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or part of a lung

147
Q

wedge resection

A

a surgery in which a small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue around the cancer

148
Q

thoracentesis

A

the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity

149
Q

thoracotomy

A

a surgical incision into the chest walls to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment

150
Q

video-assisted thoracic-surgery

A

the use of a thoracoscope to view inside the pleural cavity trough very small incisions

151
Q

CPAP machine

A

continuous positive airway pressure is a non invasive ventilation device used in the treatment of sleep apnea

152
Q

BiPAP machine

A

bilevel positive airway pressure, similar to a CPAP machine but can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and a lower pressure for exhaling

153
Q

ventilator

A

a mechanical device for artificial respiration that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function

154
Q

supplemental oxygen

A

administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood from breathing normal air

155
Q

hyperbaric oxygen therapy

A

involves breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to three times higher than normal

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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