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Medical Terminology > The Lymphatic and Immune Systems > Flashcards

The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

primary function of lymph

A

remove cellular waste products, pathogens and dead blood cells from the tissues

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2
Q

primary function of lymphatic vessels and ducts

A

return lymph from the tissues to the venous bloudstream

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3
Q

lymph nodes

A

bean-shaped structures where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph

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4
Q

tonsils and adenoids

A

lymphoid structures that protect the entry to the respiratory system

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5
Q

spleen

A

sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic systems

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6
Q

primary role of bone marrow

A

produces lymphocytes, which are specializes leukocytes

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7
Q

lymphocytes

A

specialized leukocytes that play important roles in immune reactions

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8
Q

3 main functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins through the lacteals of the small intestine
  2. remove waste products from the tissues and help immune system destroy invading pathogens
  3. return filtered lymph to the veins
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9
Q

lackteals

A

specialized structures that absorb fats that can not be transported by the bloodstream

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10
Q

interstitial fluid

A

aka intercellular or tissue fluid; plasma from arterial blood that delivers nutrients, oxygen and hormones to cells

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11
Q

lymph

A

a clear, watery fluid; collects protein molecules, removes dead cells, debris and pathogens and returns to the back of the neck

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12
Q

lymphatic circulatory system

A

aka secondary circulatory system; where blood circulates in a loop pumped by the heart in only one direction from it’s origin, returning to the circulatory system at the base of the neck

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13
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

microscopic, sealed on one end tubes located near the surface of the body with narrow capillary walls.

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14
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

located deeper within the tissues; have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph

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15
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, upper right quadrant of the body and the right arm; empties into the right subclavian vein

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16
Q

thoracic duct

A

the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the left upper quadrant, left arm and both legs; empties into the left subclavian vein

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17
Q

lymph node

A

contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens

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18
Q

Name 3 major groups of lymph nodes and their location

A
  1. cervical lymph nodes are located along the sides of the neck
  2. axillary lymph nodes located under the arms in the armpits
  3. inguinal lymph nodes located in the groin area
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19
Q

lymphocytes

A

aka lymphoid cells are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells; defends the body against antigens

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20
Q

antigen

A

any substance that the body regards as foreign

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21
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

natural killer cells, B cells and T cells

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22
Q

The role of natural killer cells

A

killing cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

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23
Q

B cells

A

specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies

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24
Q

plasma cells

A

develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies

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25
Q

T cells

A

aka T lymphocytes; play a central role in cell-mediated immunity

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26
Q

cytokines

A

group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by T cells

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27
Q

interferons functions

A

produced in response to presence of antigens; activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication and signal other cells to increase defenses

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28
Q

interleukins roles

A

directs B cells and T cells to divide and proliferate

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29
Q

tonsils

A

are three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat; prevents pathogens from entering the respiratory system

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30
Q

thymus

A

a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart; secretes a hormone that stimulates maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

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31
Q

spleen’s functions (4)

A

filters microorganisms,
forms lymphocytes and monocytes,
has the hemolytic function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
stores extra erythrocytes and maintains the appropriate balance between cells and the plasma of blood

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32
Q

intact skin

A

wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body

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33
Q

respiratory system

A

traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining
tonsils form a protective ring around the throat

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34
Q

digestive system

A

uses the acid and enzymes to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food

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35
Q

antigen-antibody reaction

A

aka immune reaction; binds antigens to antibodies; labels dangerous antigens so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells

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36
Q

tolerance

A

to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen

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37
Q

antibody

A

a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

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38
Q

phagocytes

A

specialized leukocytes that destroy cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens using the process called phagocytosis.

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39
Q

macrophage

A

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cellsl

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40
Q

dendritic cells

A

specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections

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41
Q

complement system

A

a group of proteins that normally circulate the blood in an inactive form, when needed these cells ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria
complement means to complete or make whole

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42
Q

immunity

A

the state of being resistant to a specific disease

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43
Q

natural immunity

A

aka passive immunity; resistance to a disease without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease

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44
Q

acquired immunity

A

obtained by having had a contagious disease ie. being vaccinated

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45
Q

allergist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity

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46
Q

immunologist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

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47
Q

lymphologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

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48
Q

oncologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders

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49
Q

lymphadenitis

A

aka swollen glands; an inflammation of the lymph nodes

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50
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

any disease process affecting a lymph node

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51
Q

lymphangioma

A

a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

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52
Q

ruptured spleen

A

a medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn

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53
Q

splenorrhagia

A

is abnormal bleeding from the spleen

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54
Q

splenomegaly

A

is an abnormal enlargement of the spleen

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55
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels

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56
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling of tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues caused by damage to the lymphatic system that prevents lymph from draining properly

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57
Q

bioimpedance spectroscopy

A

noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema; measures the resistance to an electrical current passed through the affected limb

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58
Q

allergy

A

aka hypersensitivity; an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen

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59
Q

localized allergic response

A

itching , redness and burning where the skin has come into contact with the allergen.

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60
Q

systemic reaction

A

aka anaphylaxis; a severe response to an allergen; without quick medical response the patient can die within a few minutes

61
Q

antihistamine

A

medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of allergic reactions

62
Q

autoimmune disorder

A

a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues or organs for antigens

63
Q

immunodeficiency disorder

A

occurs when the immune response is compromised

compromised means weakened or not functioning properly

64
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

A

aka HIV; a blood borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing the body to progressively fail

65
Q

opportunistic infection

A

caused by pathogens that do not normally produce an illness in healthy humans; only when the human is debilitated

66
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

aka AIDS; the most advances and fatal stage of HIV

67
Q

kaposi’s sarcoma

A

a type of opportunistic infections that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, the lining of the mouth, nose and throat; or other organ.

68
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, lyme disease and other conditions

69
Q

western blot test

A

a blood test performed to confirm the diagnosis when the results of the ELISA test are positive for HIV

70
Q

immunotherapy

A

a disease treatment that involves stimulating or repressing the immune response

71
Q

immunosppression

A

treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

72
Q

immunosuppressant

A

a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response

73
Q

corticosteroid drug

A

hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant

74
Q

cytotoxic drug

A

a medication that kills or damages cells

75
Q

bacteria

A

one-celled microscopic organisms

76
Q

anthrax

A

a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis

77
Q

rickettsia

A

a small bacterium that live in lice, fleas, ticks and mites

78
Q

spirochetes

A

long slender spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

79
Q

lyme disease

A

transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick

80
Q

staphylococci

A

group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes

81
Q

streptococci

A

bacteria that form a chain

82
Q

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

when antibiotics fail to kill all the bacteria they target

83
Q

fungus

A

a simple parasitic organism; some harmless and some are pathogenic

84
Q

yeast

A

a type of fungus that occurs on the skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist conditions

85
Q

parasite

A

a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

86
Q

malaria

A

caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

87
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

a parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces

88
Q

viruses

A

very small infections agents that live only by invading other cells; after invasion, the virus reproduces and then breaks the wall of the infected cell to release newly formed viruses

89
Q

ebola

A

a rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected with the ebola virus

90
Q

influenza

A

a highly contagious viral respiratory infection that occurs in seasonal epidemics

91
Q

measles

A

an acute, highly contagious infection transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rebeola virus

92
Q

mumps

A

an acute viral infection characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands (salivary glands located in front of the ears)

93
Q

rubella

A

aka German measles, a viral infection characterizes by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes and a pink rash.

94
Q

MMR is

A

measles, mumps and rubella vaccination is an immunization to prevent these illnesses; administered in early childhood.

95
Q

rabies

A

an acute viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal

96
Q

West Nile virus

A

spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito

97
Q

varicella

A

aka chickenpox; highly contagious virus characterized by a fever and a rash consisting of hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts

98
Q

herpes zoster

A

aka shingles; an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions.

99
Q

postherpetic neuralgia

A

a complication that may follow herpes zoster if nerve fibers have been damaged resulting in severe pain

100
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

aka mono; characterized by fever, a sore throat and enlarged lymph nodes.

101
Q

antibiotics

A

medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms

102
Q

bactericide

A

a substance that causes the death of bacteria

103
Q

antifungal

A

an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi

104
Q

antiviral drug

A

used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity

105
Q

oncology

A

the study of the prevention, causes and treatment of tumors

106
Q

tumor

A

also known as a neoplasm; an abnormal growth of tissue

107
Q

myoma

A

a benign tumor made of muscle tissue

108
Q

myosarcoma

A

a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

109
Q

angiogenesis

A

the process through which a tumour supports its growth be creating its own blood supply

110
Q

antiangiogenesis

A

a form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor

111
Q

cancer

A

is a class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled decision of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues

112
Q

metastasize

A

to spread from one place to another

113
Q

metastasis

A

the process by which cancer is spread to a new site

114
Q

carcinoma

A

a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

115
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

116
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

any large group of carcinoma derived from glandular tissue

117
Q

sarcoma

A

a malignant tumor that arises from conective tissues

118
Q

hard tissue sarcomas

A

arise from bone or cartilage

119
Q

soft tissue sarcoma

A

cancers of the muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels

120
Q

liquid-tissue sarcoma

A

arise from blood and lymph

121
Q

staging

A

the process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, the potential for it’s responding to treatments and the patient’s prognosis

122
Q

lymphoma

A

a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

123
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

a cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as reed-sternberg cells

124
Q

breast cancer

A

a carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites

125
Q

Ductal carcinoma in situ

A

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct

126
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct

127
Q

inflammatory breast cancer

A

a rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast

128
Q

breast self-examination

A

a self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer

129
Q

palpation of the breast

A

a test performed by a trained health care provider to check the texture, size and consistency of the breast

130
Q

mammography

A

a radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

131
Q

molecular breast imaging

A

a nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue

132
Q

ultrasound

A

often used as an initial follow -up test when an abnormality is found by mammography

133
Q

breast MRI

A

uses magnets and radio waves, and the insertion of a contrast medium via IV, to get more detailed information for those already diagnosed with cancer

134
Q

needle breast biopsy

A

technique in which an x-ray or MRI guided needle is use to remove small samples of tissue from the breast for diagnosis

135
Q

surgical biopsy

A

the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis.

136
Q

lymph node dissection

A

a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in the area

137
Q

lumpectomy

A

is the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue

138
Q

mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple

139
Q

radical mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

140
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

141
Q

chemotherapy

A

the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

142
Q

chemoprevention

A

the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer

143
Q

antineoplastic

A

a medication that blocks the development, growth or proliferation of malignant cells

144
Q

cytotoxic drugs

A

used for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy

145
Q

brachytherapy

A

the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted in to the tissues to be treated

146
Q

teletherapy

A

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body

147
Q

tomotherapy

A

the combination of tomography with radiation therapy to precisely target the tumor being treated

148
Q

targeted therapy

A

developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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