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Medical Terminology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Primary Function of the mouth

A

begins preparation of food for digestion

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2
Q

primary function of pharynx

A

transports food from the mouth to the esophagus

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3
Q

primary function of the esophagus

A

transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

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4
Q

primary function of the stomach

A

breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juices

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5
Q

primary function of the small intestine

A

mixes chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestion and absorption of most nutrients

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6
Q

primary function of the large intestine

A

absorbs excess water and prepares solid waste for elimination

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7
Q

primary function of the rectum and anus

A

control the excretion of solid waste

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8
Q

primary function of liver

A

secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats

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9
Q

primary function of the gallbladder

A

stores bile and releases it into the small intestine as needed

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10
Q

primary function of the pancreas

A

secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed

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11
Q

or/o, stomat/o

A

mouth

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12
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx

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13
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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14
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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15
Q

enter/o

A

small intestine

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16
Q

col/o, colon/o

A

large intestine

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17
Q

an/o, proct/o, rect/o

A

rectum and anus

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18
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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19
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gullbladder

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20
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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21
Q

-phagia

A

eating, swallowing

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22
Q

-pepsia

A

digest, digestion

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23
Q

-rect/o

A

rectum, straight

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24
Q

-emesis

A

vomiting

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25
Q

-lithiasis

A

presence of stones

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26
Q

the digestive system consists primarily of

A

the gastrointestinal tract ( the stomach and intestines)

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27
Q

upper GI tract

A

consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach; transports food from entry into the body

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28
Q

lower GI tract

A

made up of the small and large intestines plus the rectum and anus; here digestion is completed and waste material is prepared

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29
Q

accessory organs

A

the liver, gullbladder and pancreas

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30
Q

major structures of the oral cavity

A

the mouth, lips, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth and peridontium

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31
Q

lips

A

aka labia, surround the opening to the oral cavity

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32
Q

palate

A

forms the roof of the mouth, consists of 3 major parts: hard palate, soft palate and uvula

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33
Q

hard palate

A

the anterior portion of the palate; covered with specialized mucous membrane

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34
Q

soft palate

A

the flexible posterior portion of the palate during swallowing, it has the important role of closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid moving up to the nasal cavity

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35
Q

uvula

A

hangs from the free edge of the soft palate

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36
Q

tongue

A

a very strong, flexible and muscular structure important for chewing, speaking and swallowing.

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37
Q

periodontium

A

describes the structures that surround, support and are attached to the teeth

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38
Q

gingiva

A

the specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth

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39
Q

dental arches

A

the bony structures of the oral cavity; hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking

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40
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

aka TMJ; formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together

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41
Q

dentition

A

the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

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42
Q

occlusion

A

describes any contact between chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth.

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43
Q

saliva

A

a colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth, also helps maintain the health of the teeth and it begins the digestive process by lubricating food during chewing and swallowing

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44
Q

three pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual and submandibular; secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth

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45
Q

pharynx

A

the common passageway for both respiration and digestion

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46
Q

esophagus

A

the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach

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47
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

a muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach

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48
Q

stomach

A

a sac-like organ composed of the fundus, body and antrum

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49
Q

gastric juices

A

made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion

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50
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

the ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

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51
Q

small intestine

A

extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine, consists of 3 sections where food is digested and the nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream

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52
Q

three sections of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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53
Q

duodenum

A

the first portion of the small intestine, extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum

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54
Q

jejunum

A

the middle portion of the small intestine, extends from duodenum to ileum

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55
Q

ileum

A

the last and longest portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine

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56
Q

large intestine

A

comprised of 4 major parts; the cecum, colon, rectum and anus; where the waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion

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57
Q

cecum

A

a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen

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58
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine

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59
Q

vermiform appendix

A

aka appendix; hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

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60
Q

colon

A

the longest portion of the large intestine; divided intro 4 parts

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61
Q

4 parts of the colon

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

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62
Q

ascending colon

A

travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver

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63
Q

transverse colon

A

passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen

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64
Q

descending colon

A

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon

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65
Q

sigmoid colon

A

an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum below

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66
Q

rectum

A

the widest division of the largest intestine; makes up the last portion of the large intestine

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67
Q

anus

A

the lower opening of the digestive tract

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68
Q

anorectal

A

refers to the anus and the rectum as a single unit

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69
Q

accessory organs

A

play a key role in the digestive process but are not part of the gastrointestinal tract; liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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70
Q

liver

A

the largest organ in the body; several important functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs

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71
Q

glycogen

A

a form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles

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72
Q

bilirubin

A

a pigment excreted into the digestive fluid called bile, giving it a yellow to green color

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73
Q

bile

A

aids in the digestion of fats; a digestive juice secreted by the liver

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74
Q

biliary

A

provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine

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75
Q

gallbladder

A

a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver; it stores and concentrates bile for later use

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76
Q

cholecystic

A

means pertaining to the gallbladder

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77
Q

pancreas

A

a soft, 6-inch long, oblong gland that is located behind the stomach; produces and secretes juices that aid in digestion and contain digestive enzymes that help neutralize stomach acid

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78
Q

digestions

A

the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use

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79
Q

metabolism

A

includes all the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients

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80
Q

anabolism

A

the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients; opposite of catabolism

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81
Q

catabolism

A

the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

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82
Q

absorption

A

the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

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83
Q

mastication

A

aka chewing; breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva and prepares it to be swallowed

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84
Q

bolus

A

a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

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85
Q

peristalsis

A

a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system

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86
Q

chyme

A

the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine

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87
Q

feces

A

aka solid body wastes

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88
Q

defecation

A

aka bowel movement; the evacuation or the emptying of the large intestine

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89
Q

borborygmus

A

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

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90
Q

flatulence

A

the passage of gas out of he body through the rectum

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91
Q

bariatrics

A

the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

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92
Q

dentist

A

specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity

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93
Q

gastroenterologist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the stomach and intestines

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94
Q

oral or maxillofacial surgeon

A

specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities or treat diseases and repair injuries

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95
Q

orthodontist

A

a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial features

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96
Q

periodontist

A

a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

97
Q

proctologist

A

a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

98
Q

registered dietition

A

a specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake

99
Q

aphthous ulcers

A

aka canker sores; are gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth, exact cause is unknown

100
Q

cheilosis

A

disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth

101
Q

herpes labialis

A

aka cold sores; blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simples virus type 1

102
Q

leokoplakia

A

an abnormal white, usually benign lesion that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek

103
Q

stomatitis

A

an inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

104
Q

stomatomycosis

A

any disease of the mouth due to a fungus

105
Q

oral thrush

A

a type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus candida albicans grows out of control

106
Q

trismus

A

any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer

107
Q

xerostomia

A

aka dry mouth, the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands

108
Q

cleft lip

A

a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose

109
Q

cleft palate

A

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus, this opening can involve the upper lip, hard palate, or soft palate

110
Q

bruckism

A

the involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with stress

111
Q

dental caries

A

aka tooth decay; an infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth

112
Q

dental plaque

A

a major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth

113
Q

edentulous

A

means without teeth

114
Q

halitosis

A

aka bad breath; caused by dental disease or respiratory or gastric disorder

115
Q

mallocclusion

A

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

116
Q

periodontal disease

A

an inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

117
Q

dental calculus

A

aka tartar, dental plaque that has calcified on the teeth

118
Q

gingivitis

A

the earliest stage of periodontal disease, where the inflammation only affects the gums

119
Q

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

A

caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth

120
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

121
Q

eosinophilic esophagitis

A

a chronic immune system disease in which eosinophil(white blood cell) builds up in the esophagus, usually as a result of an allergy to certain foods

122
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

123
Q

barrett’s esphagus

A

a condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure

124
Q

stricture

A

an abnormal narrowing of the esophagus resulting from scar tissue; causes difficulty swallowing

125
Q

pyrosis

A

aka heartburn; the burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

126
Q

esophageal varices

A

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

127
Q

hiatal hernia

A

an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm

128
Q

gastritis

A

a common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium helicobacter pylori

129
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

130
Q

gastrorrhea

A

the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach

131
Q

peptic ulcers

A

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system

132
Q

anorexia

A

the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease

133
Q

cachexia

A

a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases. ie. AIDS

134
Q

dehydration

A

a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body’s normal electrolyte balance

135
Q

malnutrition

A

a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb and distribute these nutrients

136
Q

malabsorption

A

a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it

137
Q

obesity

A

an excessive accumulation of fat in the body

138
Q

morbid obesity

A

the condition of weighing two times or more the ideal weight or having a BMI greater than 40

139
Q

body mass index

A

a number that shows body weight adjusted for height

140
Q

aerophagia

A

the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking and is a common cause of gas in the stomach

141
Q

dysepsia

A

aka indigestion; pain or discomfort in digestion

142
Q

emesis

A

aka vomiting; the reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth

143
Q

eructation

A

is the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach

144
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

145
Q

hyperemesis

A

is extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

146
Q

nausea

A

the urge to vomit

147
Q

regurgitation

A

the return of swallowed food into the mouth

148
Q

celiac disease

A

a hereditary autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten

149
Q

gluten intolerance

A

non-celiac gluten sensitivity, a response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease

150
Q

food allergy

A

an immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food

151
Q

lactose intolerance

A

the inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase

152
Q

colorectal carcinoma

A

aka colon cancer

153
Q

polyp

A

a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane

154
Q

diverticulosis

A

the chromic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon

155
Q

diverticulum

A

a small pouch, or sac, found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon

156
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon

157
Q

enteritis

A

an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or pathogenic infections

158
Q

ischemic colitis

A

occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood

159
Q

ileus

A

the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine

160
Q

irritable bowel syndrome

A

a common condition unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea

161
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

the general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines

162
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers

163
Q

crohn’s disease

A

a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; most commonly found in the ileum and in the colon.

164
Q

intestinal obstruction

A

the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction

165
Q

volvulus

A

the twisting of the intestine on itself causing an obstruction

166
Q

intussusception

A

the telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part

167
Q

inguinal hernia

A

the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

168
Q

strangulated hernia

A

when a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia

169
Q

clostridium difficule

A

aka C. diff; a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria

170
Q

dysentery

A

a bacterial infection, occurs most frequently in tropical counties where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces

171
Q

E. coli

A

caused by the bacterium escherichia coli, transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked

172
Q

salmonellosis

A

aka salmonella; transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products

173
Q

anal fissure

A

a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement

174
Q

bowel incontinence

A

the inability to control the excretion of feces

175
Q

constipation

A

defined as having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week

176
Q

diarrhea

A

an abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools

177
Q

hemorrhoids

A

occur when a cluster of veins, muscles and tissues slip near or through the anal opening

178
Q

rectocele

A

a bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina

179
Q

hematochesia

A

the presence of bright red blood in the stool

180
Q

melena

A

the passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools

181
Q

steatorrhea

A

the presence of excess fat in the stool

182
Q

ascites

A

an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

183
Q

hepatomegaly

A

the abnormal enlargement of the liver

184
Q

jaundice

A

a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes and eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood

185
Q

hepatitis

A

an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection

186
Q

cirrhosis

A

a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring

187
Q

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

A

the accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol

188
Q

nonalcohol steatohepatitis

A

fatty accumulations plus liver damaging inflamation

189
Q

cholangitis

A

an acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever and jaundice

190
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile

191
Q

gallstone

A

a hard deposit formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts due to the concretion of bile components

192
Q

cholelithiasis

A

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

193
Q

abdominal computed tomography

A

a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen

194
Q

abdominal ultrasound

A

a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves

195
Q

cholangiography

A

a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium

196
Q

enema

A

the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

197
Q

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A

is an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract

198
Q

upper GI series and lower GI series

A

radiographic studies to examine the digestive system

199
Q

stool samples

A

are specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics

200
Q

endoscope

A

a visual examination of internal structures

201
Q

anoscopy

A

the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum

202
Q

capsule endoscopy

A

the use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows

203
Q

colonoscopy

A

the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope

204
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum sigmoid colon and possibly a portion of the descending colon

205
Q

hemoccult

A

a laboratory test for hidden blood in stool

206
Q

antioxidants

A

are chemicals such as vitamins A,C,E that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemicals

207
Q

probiotics

A

living microorganisms sometimes describes as “good” bacteria because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria

208
Q

antacids

A

neutralize the acids in the stomach; taken to relieve the discomfort of conditions such as pyrosis

209
Q

proton pump inhibitors

A

decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach

210
Q

antiemetic

A

a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

211
Q

laxatives

A

medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements

212
Q

intravenous fluids

A

administered to combat the effects of dehydration

213
Q

oral rehydration therapy

A

a treatment in which a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract dehydration

214
Q

dental prophylacis

A

the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus

215
Q

dental implant

A

the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw

216
Q

root canal

A

a procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in the root canal is removed in order to save the tooth

217
Q

gingivectomy

A

the surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue

218
Q

maxillofacial surgery

A

specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases and repair injuries

219
Q

palatoplasty

A

surgical repair of a cleft palate

220
Q

gastrectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or a part of the stomach

221
Q

nasogastric intubation

A

the placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach

222
Q

gastrostomy tube

A

a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach

223
Q

total parenteral nutrition

A

administered to patients who cannot or should not get their nutrition through eating

224
Q

bariatric surgery

A

performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested

225
Q

colectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or part of the colon

226
Q

colotomy

A

a surgical incision into the colon

227
Q

diverticulectomy

A

a surgical removal of a diverticulum

228
Q

gastroduodenostomy

A

the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum

229
Q

anastomosis

A

a surgical connection between two hollow, or tubular, structures

230
Q

ileectomy

A

the surgical removal of the ileum

231
Q

ostomy

A

a surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface

232
Q

ileostomy

A

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, and outside the abdominal wall

233
Q

colostomy

A

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

234
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

the surgical removal of hemorrhoids

235
Q

proctopexy

A

the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ

236
Q

hepatectomy

A

the surgical removal of all or part of he liver

237
Q

choledocholithotomy

A

an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone

238
Q

cholecystectomy

A

the surgical removal of the gallbladder

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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