The Muscular System Flashcards
1
Q
Primary Functions of the muscles
A
make body movement possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, and produce body heat
2
Q
primary function of fascia
A
cover, support and separate muscles
3
Q
primary functions of tendons
A
attach muscles to bones
4
Q
bi-
A
twice, double, to
5
Q
-cele
A
hernia, tumour, swelling
6
Q
dys-
A
bad, difficult or painful
7
Q
fasci/o
A
fascia, fibrous band
8
Q
kines/o
A
movement
9
Q
my/o
A
muscle
10
Q
-plegia
A
paralysis, stroke
11
Q
-rrhexis
A
rupture
12
Q
tax/o
A
coordination, order
13
Q
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
A
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
14
Q
ton/o
A
tone
15
Q
tri-
A
three
16
Q
the muscular and skeletal systems are sometimes referred to as the ____________ system
A
musculoskeletal
17
Q
muscle fibers
A
long slender cells that make up muscles
18
Q
fascia
A
a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates or binds together muscles
19
Q
myofascial
A
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
20
Q
tendon
A
a narrow band of non-elastic, dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.
21
Q
ligaments
A
bands of tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another
22
Q
The three types of muscle tissue are:
A
skeletal, smooth and myocardial
23
Q
skeletal muscles
A
attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
24
Q
skeletal muscles are also known as
A
voluntary muscles because we have conscious control over these muscles
25
skeletal muscles are also known as _________muscles because under a microscope the dark and light bands create a striped appearance.
striated
26
where are smooth muscles located and what is their function
in the walls of internal organs and their function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures.
27
smooth muscles are also known as ____________, _____________ and ___________________.
involuntary, unstriated and visceral muscles
28
myocardial muscles
aka myocardium or cardiac muscle form the muscular wall of the heart.
29
muscle innervation
is the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.
30
motor nerves control the body's ________ muscular contractions
voluntary
31
Neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
32
contraction
the tightening of a muscle
33
relaxation
occurs when a muscle returns to its original form
34
abduction
the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
35
adduction
is the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
36
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at the joint
37
extension
increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
38
opposite of extension
flexion
39
hypertension
extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit.
40
elevation
the act of raising or lifting a body part
41
depression
is the act of lowering a body part
42
opposite of depression
elevation
43
rotation
a circular movement around an axis
44
circumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
45
humerus
the bone of the upper arm
46
supination
the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward and upward
47
pronation
the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
48
dorsiflexion
is the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
49
plantar flexion
the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
50
origin
where the muscle begins, the origin is the less movable attachent
51
insertion
where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon.
52
pectoralis major
a thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall
53
lateralis
toward the side
54
medialis
toward the midline
55
oblique
slanted or at an angle
56
rectus
in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
57
sphincter
a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
58
transverse
in a crosswise direction
59
biceps brachii
aka biceps, formed from two divisions
60
triceps brachii
aka triceps; formed from three divisions
61
gluteus maximus
the largest muscle of the buttock
62
deltoid muscle
located on the shoulder is shaped like an inverted triangle
63
hamstring group
located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles
64
three muscles of the hamstring group
bicep femoris, semitendinosis and semimembranosus
65
frontalis
muscle in the forehead; raises and lowers eyebrows
66
temporalis function
muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
67
masseter muscle
one of the strongest muscles in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
68
pectoralis major
makes up the bulk of the chest muscle
69
external oblique muscles
found in the abdomen; flex and rotate the vertebral column also flex the torso and compress the abdomen.
70
internal oblique muscles
flex and rotate the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe
71
rectus abdominus
helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
72
Muscles of the arm (4)
deltoid, trapezius, biceps brachii, triceps brachii
73
muscles of the legs (4)
rectus femoris, quadriceps femoris, hamstring group, gastrocnemius
74
exercise physiologist
specialist who works under the supervision of a physician; develops, implements and coordinates exercise programs
75
neurologist
specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
76
occupational therapist
helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life
77
physiatrist
specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
78
physical therapist
provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage or other techniques
79
sports medicine physician
specializes in treating sports related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
80
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia
81
fibromyalgia
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue and bone pain
82
tenosynovitis
inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
83
tendinitis
an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
84
chronic fatigue syndrome
a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems; aka myalgic encephalomyelitis
85
adhesion
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.
86
atrophy
means weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
87
myalgia
tenderness or pain in the muscle
88
myolysis
the degeneration of muscle tissue
89
myorrhexis
is the rupture or tearing of a muscle
90
polymyositis
a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
91
rhabdomyolsis
serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury
92
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength and function that come with aging
93
muscle tone
is the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination and movement possible
94
atonic
means lacking normal muscle tone or strength
95
dystonia
a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
96
hypotonia
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
97
ataxia
the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement, caused by abnormal activity in the cerebellum
98
contracture
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissue is replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues.
99
intermittent claudication
the pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
100
spasm
any sudden involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
101
myoclonus
the quick, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
102
singultus
aka hiccups, myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
103
cramp
a painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause
104
torticollis
aka wryneck; a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
105
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement
106
dyskinesia
the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
107
hyperkinesia
aka hyperactivity; is abnormally increased muscle function or activity
108
myasthenia gravis
is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction(where the neuron activates the muscle to contract) and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
109
muscular dystrophy
progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement without affecting the nervous system
110
repetitive stress disorder
aka repetitive motion disorder; variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work
111
compartment syndrome
the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the "compartment" (an enclosed space created by the fascia; can be caused by tight bandages or casts
112
overuse injuries
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
113
overuse tendinitis
an inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
114
myofascial pain syndrome
chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia; caused by a muscle contracted repetitively
115
impingement syndrome
when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
116
rotator cuff tendinitis
inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
117
ruptured rotator cuff
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or overuse continues
118
carpal tunnel syndrome
occur when the tendons pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
119
carpal tunnel release
the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves
120
ganglion cyst
a harmless, fluid filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
121
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
122
sprain
an injury to a joint when a ligament is wrenched or torn
123
strain
an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tenfon
124
shin splint
a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia
125
hamstring injury
can be a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee
126
achilles tendinitis
a painful inflammation of the achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
127
illiotibial band syndrome
is an overuse injury; caused by the ITBS band rubbing against the bone
128
paralysis
is the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements through disease or injury to its nerve supply
129
myoparesis
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
130
hemiparesis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
131
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body; usually associated with a stroke or brain damage
132
paraplegia
the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
133
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities
134
deep tendon reflexes
tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon
135
reflex
an involuntary response to a stimulus
136
range of motion testing
a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
137
electromyography
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within a muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
138
muscle biopsy
removal of a plug of tissue for examination
139
antispasmodic
aka anticholinergic; administered to suppress smooth muscles contractions of the stomach, intestine or bladder
140
skeletal muscle relaxant
administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains or other muscle injuries
141
neuromuscular blocker
aka neuromuscular blocking agent; a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve to stimuli to the muscles
142
ergonomics
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
143
myofascial release
is a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions
144
occupational therapy
consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing daily activities
145
RICE is an acronym for what
Rest, Ice, Compression and elevation
| used to treat muscle injuries
146
fasciotomy
a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
147
fascioplasty
is the surgical repair of a fascia
148
tenodesis
the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
149
tenolysis
the release of a tendon from adhesions
150
tenorrhaphy
surgical suturing together of the dividend ends of a tendon
151
tenotomy
a surgical incision into a tendon
152
myorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of a muscle
153
myotomy
surgical incision into a muscle
