The Muscular System Flashcards
Primary Functions of the muscles
make body movement possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, and produce body heat
primary function of fascia
cover, support and separate muscles
primary functions of tendons
attach muscles to bones
bi-
twice, double, to
-cele
hernia, tumour, swelling
dys-
bad, difficult or painful
fasci/o
fascia, fibrous band
kines/o
movement
my/o
muscle
-plegia
paralysis, stroke
-rrhexis
rupture
tax/o
coordination, order
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
ton/o
tone
tri-
three
the muscular and skeletal systems are sometimes referred to as the ____________ system
musculoskeletal
muscle fibers
long slender cells that make up muscles
fascia
a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates or binds together muscles
myofascial
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
tendon
a narrow band of non-elastic, dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.
ligaments
bands of tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another
The three types of muscle tissue are:
skeletal, smooth and myocardial
skeletal muscles
attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
skeletal muscles are also known as
voluntary muscles because we have conscious control over these muscles
skeletal muscles are also known as _________muscles because under a microscope the dark and light bands create a striped appearance.
striated
where are smooth muscles located and what is their function
in the walls of internal organs and their function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures.
smooth muscles are also known as ____________, _____________ and ___________________.
involuntary, unstriated and visceral muscles
myocardial muscles
aka myocardium or cardiac muscle form the muscular wall of the heart.
muscle innervation
is the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.
motor nerves control the body’s ________ muscular contractions
voluntary
Neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
contraction
the tightening of a muscle
relaxation
occurs when a muscle returns to its original form
abduction
the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
adduction
is the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at the joint
extension
increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
opposite of extension
flexion
hypertension
extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit.
elevation
the act of raising or lifting a body part
depression
is the act of lowering a body part
opposite of depression
elevation
rotation
a circular movement around an axis
circumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
humerus
the bone of the upper arm
supination
the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward and upward
pronation
the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
dorsiflexion
is the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
plantar flexion
the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
origin
where the muscle begins, the origin is the less movable attachent
insertion
where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon.
pectoralis major
a thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall
lateralis
toward the side
medialis
toward the midline
oblique
slanted or at an angle
rectus
in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
sphincter
a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
transverse
in a crosswise direction
biceps brachii
aka biceps, formed from two divisions
triceps brachii
aka triceps; formed from three divisions
gluteus maximus
the largest muscle of the buttock
deltoid muscle
located on the shoulder is shaped like an inverted triangle
hamstring group
located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles
three muscles of the hamstring group
bicep femoris, semitendinosis and semimembranosus
frontalis
muscle in the forehead; raises and lowers eyebrows
temporalis function
muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
masseter muscle
one of the strongest muscles in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
pectoralis major
makes up the bulk of the chest muscle
external oblique muscles
found in the abdomen; flex and rotate the vertebral column also flex the torso and compress the abdomen.
internal oblique muscles
flex and rotate the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe
rectus abdominus
helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
Muscles of the arm (4)
deltoid, trapezius, biceps brachii, triceps brachii
muscles of the legs (4)
rectus femoris, quadriceps femoris, hamstring group, gastrocnemius
exercise physiologist
specialist who works under the supervision of a physician; develops, implements and coordinates exercise programs
neurologist
specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
occupational therapist
helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life
physiatrist
specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
physical therapist
provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage or other techniques
sports medicine physician
specializes in treating sports related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia
fibromyalgia
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue and bone pain
tenosynovitis
inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
tendinitis
an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
chronic fatigue syndrome
a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems; aka myalgic encephalomyelitis
adhesion
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.
atrophy
means weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
myalgia
tenderness or pain in the muscle
myolysis
the degeneration of muscle tissue
myorrhexis
is the rupture or tearing of a muscle
polymyositis
a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
rhabdomyolsis
serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass, strength and function that come with aging
muscle tone
is the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination and movement possible
atonic
means lacking normal muscle tone or strength
dystonia
a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
hypotonia
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
ataxia
the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement, caused by abnormal activity in the cerebellum
contracture
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissue is replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues.
intermittent claudication
the pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
spasm
any sudden involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
myoclonus
the quick, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
singultus
aka hiccups, myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
cramp
a painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause
torticollis
aka wryneck; a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement
dyskinesia
the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
hyperkinesia
aka hyperactivity; is abnormally increased muscle function or activity
myasthenia gravis
is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction(where the neuron activates the muscle to contract) and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
muscular dystrophy
progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement without affecting the nervous system
repetitive stress disorder
aka repetitive motion disorder; variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work
compartment syndrome
the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the “compartment” (an enclosed space created by the fascia; can be caused by tight bandages or casts
overuse injuries
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
overuse tendinitis
an inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
myofascial pain syndrome
chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia; caused by a muscle contracted repetitively
impingement syndrome
when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
rotator cuff tendinitis
inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
ruptured rotator cuff
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or overuse continues
carpal tunnel syndrome
occur when the tendons pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
carpal tunnel release
the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves
ganglion cyst
a harmless, fluid filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
sprain
an injury to a joint when a ligament is wrenched or torn
strain
an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tenfon
shin splint
a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia
hamstring injury
can be a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee
achilles tendinitis
a painful inflammation of the achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
illiotibial band syndrome
is an overuse injury; caused by the ITBS band rubbing against the bone
paralysis
is the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements through disease or injury to its nerve supply
myoparesis
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
hemiparesis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body; usually associated with a stroke or brain damage
paraplegia
the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities
deep tendon reflexes
tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon
reflex
an involuntary response to a stimulus
range of motion testing
a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
electromyography
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within a muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
muscle biopsy
removal of a plug of tissue for examination
antispasmodic
aka anticholinergic; administered to suppress smooth muscles contractions of the stomach, intestine or bladder
skeletal muscle relaxant
administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains or other muscle injuries
neuromuscular blocker
aka neuromuscular blocking agent; a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve to stimuli to the muscles
ergonomics
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
myofascial release
is a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions
occupational therapy
consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing daily activities
RICE is an acronym for what
Rest, Ice, Compression and elevation
used to treat muscle injuries
fasciotomy
a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
fascioplasty
is the surgical repair of a fascia
tenodesis
the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
tenolysis
the release of a tendon from adhesions
tenorrhaphy
surgical suturing together of the dividend ends of a tendon
tenotomy
a surgical incision into a tendon
myorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of a muscle
myotomy
surgical incision into a muscle
