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Medical Terminology > The Muscular System > Flashcards

The Muscular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Primary Functions of the muscles

A

make body movement possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, and produce body heat

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2
Q

primary function of fascia

A

cover, support and separate muscles

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3
Q

primary functions of tendons

A

attach muscles to bones

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4
Q

bi-

A

twice, double, to

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5
Q

-cele

A

hernia, tumour, swelling

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6
Q

dys-

A

bad, difficult or painful

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7
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia, fibrous band

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8
Q

kines/o

A

movement

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9
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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10
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis, stroke

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11
Q

-rrhexis

A

rupture

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12
Q

tax/o

A

coordination, order

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13
Q

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

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14
Q

ton/o

A

tone

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15
Q

tri-

A

three

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16
Q

the muscular and skeletal systems are sometimes referred to as the ____________ system

A

musculoskeletal

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17
Q

muscle fibers

A

long slender cells that make up muscles

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18
Q

fascia

A

a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates or binds together muscles

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19
Q

myofascial

A

pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia

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20
Q

tendon

A

a narrow band of non-elastic, dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone.

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21
Q

ligaments

A

bands of tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another

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22
Q

The three types of muscle tissue are:

A

skeletal, smooth and myocardial

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23
Q

skeletal muscles

A

attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible

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24
Q

skeletal muscles are also known as

A

voluntary muscles because we have conscious control over these muscles

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25
Q

skeletal muscles are also known as _________muscles because under a microscope the dark and light bands create a striped appearance.

A

striated

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26
Q

where are smooth muscles located and what is their function

A

in the walls of internal organs and their function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures.

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27
Q

smooth muscles are also known as ____________, _____________ and ___________________.

A

involuntary, unstriated and visceral muscles

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28
Q

myocardial muscles

A

aka myocardium or cardiac muscle form the muscular wall of the heart.

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29
Q

muscle innervation

A

is the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve.

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30
Q

motor nerves control the body’s ________ muscular contractions

A

voluntary

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31
Q

Neuromuscular

A

pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle

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32
Q

contraction

A

the tightening of a muscle

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33
Q

relaxation

A

occurs when a muscle returns to its original form

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34
Q

abduction

A

the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

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35
Q

adduction

A

is the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

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36
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at the joint

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37
Q

extension

A

increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb

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38
Q

opposite of extension

A

flexion

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39
Q

hypertension

A

extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit.

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40
Q

elevation

A

the act of raising or lifting a body part

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41
Q

depression

A

is the act of lowering a body part

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42
Q

opposite of depression

A

elevation

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43
Q

rotation

A

a circular movement around an axis

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44
Q

circumduction

A

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

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45
Q

humerus

A

the bone of the upper arm

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46
Q

supination

A

the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward and upward

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47
Q

pronation

A

the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward

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48
Q

dorsiflexion

A

is the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

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49
Q

plantar flexion

A

the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle

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50
Q

origin

A

where the muscle begins, the origin is the less movable attachent

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51
Q

insertion

A

where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon.

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52
Q

pectoralis major

A

a thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall

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53
Q

lateralis

A

toward the side

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54
Q

medialis

A

toward the midline

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55
Q

oblique

A

slanted or at an angle

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56
Q

rectus

A

in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body

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57
Q

sphincter

A

a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

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58
Q

transverse

A

in a crosswise direction

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59
Q

biceps brachii

A

aka biceps, formed from two divisions

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60
Q

triceps brachii

A

aka triceps; formed from three divisions

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61
Q

gluteus maximus

A

the largest muscle of the buttock

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62
Q

deltoid muscle

A

located on the shoulder is shaped like an inverted triangle

63
Q

hamstring group

A

located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles

64
Q

three muscles of the hamstring group

A

bicep femoris, semitendinosis and semimembranosus

65
Q

frontalis

A

muscle in the forehead; raises and lowers eyebrows

66
Q

temporalis function

A

muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth

67
Q

masseter muscle

A

one of the strongest muscles in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing

68
Q

pectoralis major

A

makes up the bulk of the chest muscle

69
Q

external oblique muscles

A

found in the abdomen; flex and rotate the vertebral column also flex the torso and compress the abdomen.

70
Q

internal oblique muscles

A

flex and rotate the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe

71
Q

rectus abdominus

A

helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine

72
Q

Muscles of the arm (4)

A

deltoid, trapezius, biceps brachii, triceps brachii

73
Q

muscles of the legs (4)

A

rectus femoris, quadriceps femoris, hamstring group, gastrocnemius

74
Q

exercise physiologist

A

specialist who works under the supervision of a physician; develops, implements and coordinates exercise programs

75
Q

neurologist

A

specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function

76
Q

occupational therapist

A

helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life

77
Q

physiatrist

A

specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function

78
Q

physical therapist

A

provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage or other techniques

79
Q

sports medicine physician

A

specializes in treating sports related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles

80
Q

fasciitis

A

inflammation of a fascia

81
Q

fibromyalgia

A

a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue and bone pain

82
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

83
Q

tendinitis

A

an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

84
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome

A

a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems; aka myalgic encephalomyelitis

85
Q

adhesion

A

a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.

86
Q

atrophy

A

means weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures

87
Q

myalgia

A

tenderness or pain in the muscle

88
Q

myolysis

A

the degeneration of muscle tissue

89
Q

myorrhexis

A

is the rupture or tearing of a muscle

90
Q

polymyositis

A

a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body

91
Q

rhabdomyolsis

A

serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury

92
Q

sarcopenia

A

the loss of muscle mass, strength and function that come with aging

93
Q

muscle tone

A

is the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination and movement possible

94
Q

atonic

A

means lacking normal muscle tone or strength

95
Q

dystonia

A

a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement

96
Q

hypotonia

A

a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

97
Q

ataxia

A

the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement, caused by abnormal activity in the cerebellum

98
Q

contracture

A

the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissue is replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues.

99
Q

intermittent claudication

A

the pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest

100
Q

spasm

A

any sudden involuntary contraction of one or more muscles

101
Q

myoclonus

A

the quick, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles

102
Q

singultus

A

aka hiccups, myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm

103
Q

cramp

A

a painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause

104
Q

torticollis

A

aka wryneck; a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

105
Q

bradykinesia

A

extreme slowness in movement

106
Q

dyskinesia

A

the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions

107
Q

hyperkinesia

A

aka hyperactivity; is abnormally increased muscle function or activity

108
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction(where the neuron activates the muscle to contract) and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles

109
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement without affecting the nervous system

110
Q

repetitive stress disorder

A

aka repetitive motion disorder; variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work

111
Q

compartment syndrome

A

the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the “compartment” (an enclosed space created by the fascia; can be caused by tight bandages or casts

112
Q

overuse injuries

A

minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal

113
Q

overuse tendinitis

A

an inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint

114
Q

myofascial pain syndrome

A

chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia; caused by a muscle contracted repetitively

115
Q

impingement syndrome

A

when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

116
Q

rotator cuff tendinitis

A

inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff

117
Q

ruptured rotator cuff

A

develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or overuse continues

118
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

occur when the tendons pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen

119
Q

carpal tunnel release

A

the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves

120
Q

ganglion cyst

A

a harmless, fluid filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist

121
Q

epicondylitis

A

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

122
Q

sprain

A

an injury to a joint when a ligament is wrenched or torn

123
Q

strain

A

an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tenfon

124
Q

shin splint

A

a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia

125
Q

hamstring injury

A

can be a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee

126
Q

achilles tendinitis

A

a painful inflammation of the achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon

127
Q

illiotibial band syndrome

A

is an overuse injury; caused by the ITBS band rubbing against the bone

128
Q

paralysis

A

is the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements through disease or injury to its nerve supply

129
Q

myoparesis

A

a weakness or slight muscular paralysis

130
Q

hemiparesis

A

slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body

131
Q

hemiplegia

A

total paralysis affecting only one side of the body; usually associated with a stroke or brain damage

132
Q

paraplegia

A

the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

133
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four extremities

134
Q

deep tendon reflexes

A

tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon

135
Q

reflex

A

an involuntary response to a stimulus

136
Q

range of motion testing

A

a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength

137
Q

electromyography

A

a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within a muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

138
Q

muscle biopsy

A

removal of a plug of tissue for examination

139
Q

antispasmodic

A

aka anticholinergic; administered to suppress smooth muscles contractions of the stomach, intestine or bladder

140
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant

A

administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains or other muscle injuries

141
Q

neuromuscular blocker

A

aka neuromuscular blocking agent; a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve to stimuli to the muscles

142
Q

ergonomics

A

the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment

143
Q

myofascial release

A

is a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions

144
Q

occupational therapy

A

consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing daily activities

145
Q

RICE is an acronym for what

A

Rest, Ice, Compression and elevation

used to treat muscle injuries

146
Q

fasciotomy

A

a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure

147
Q

fascioplasty

A

is the surgical repair of a fascia

148
Q

tenodesis

A

the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

149
Q

tenolysis

A

the release of a tendon from adhesions

150
Q

tenorrhaphy

A

surgical suturing together of the dividend ends of a tendon

151
Q

tenotomy

A

a surgical incision into a tendon

152
Q

myorrhaphy

A

the surgical suturing of a muscle

153
Q

myotomy

A

surgical incision into a muscle

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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