The Urinary System

Question 1

Risk factors of UTI

Answer 1

female, sex, pregnancy, diabetes, urinary tract obstructions (e.g. stones, catheters)

Question 2

What causes UTI?

Answer 2

Presence of a growth of organism in fresh urine.

E.coli =main (also staphylococcus, proteus, klebsiella)

Question 3

UTI in urethra?

Answer 3

Urethritis

Question 4

UTI in bladder?

Answer 4

Cystitis (frequency, dysuria, urgency, haematuria, suprapubic pain)

Question 5

UTI in prostate?

Answer 5

prostatitis (high fever, riggers, vomiting, loin pain, tenderness)

Question 6

Management of UTI

Answer 6

fluids, double voiding, antibiotics (trimethoprim), imaging, severe cases may require hospital admission

Question 7

What is transitional cell carcinoma?

Answer 7

Most common malignant tumour in the bladder.

Question 8

Signs/symptoms of Transitional Cell Carcinoma?

Answer 8

Classically painless, haematuria, frequency, urgency and dysuria can occur.

Question 9

Treatment of Transitional Cell Carcinoma?

Answer 9

Small lesions at early stage can be managed with diathermy. Later stages = radical cystectomy or palliative care

Question 10

What is Acute Renal Failure?

Answer 10

A significant deterioration in renal function occurring over hours or days. Usually occurs in the setting of a severe illness.

Question 11

What are the signs/symptoms of acute renal failure?

Answer 11

Low urine volume, rising plasma and creatinine levels

Question 12

What are the types of acute renal failure?

Answer 12

Pre-renal: hypo perfusion, sepsis
Renal: ATN damage to tubules due to ischaemia or nephrotoxins
Post-Renal: Renal obstruction (e.g. stones or tumours)

Question 13

Management of acute renal failure?

Answer 13

Treat exacerbating factors (e.g. sepsis)
Stop nephrotoxic drugs (NSAIDS, ACE-I, gentomycin, vancomycin). May need renal replacement therapy (haemofiltration/dialysis)

Question 14

What is Chronic Renal Failure

Answer 14

Progressive loss of kidney function. Classified into 5 stages depending on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 15

What causes Chronic renal failure?

Answer 15

Diabetes, renovascular disease, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease

Question 16

What is glomerulonephritis?

Answer 16

A group of disorders where there is damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus. this may cause a leak of protein or blood into the urine. Usually there is a deposition of immune complexes in one part of the nephron

Question 17

What are kidney stones?

Answer 17

Crystal aggregates that form in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and can deposit anywhere in the renal tract

Question 18

What are the risk factors for kidney stones?

Answer 18

dehydration, dietary factors, drugs (loop diuretics, antacids, corticosteroids, theophylline, aspirin), renal tract abnormalities, recurrent UTIs, metabolic abnormalities (hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, cancer)

Question 19

What is renal cancer?

Answer 19

Renal cell carcinoma

85% of all renal cancers. Usually presents between the ages of 50 - 70. 2:1 male predominanc

Question 20

Risk factors of renal cancer

Answer 20

smoking, obesity, hypertension, exposure to asbestos, hereditary conditions