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Pathology > Respiratory Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of an infection of the upper airway?

A

Acute inflammatory process the affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract

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2
Q

Examples of upper airway infections

A

rhinitis (runny nose), laryngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis

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3
Q

What is the definition of an infection of the lower airway?

A

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma (pneumonia)

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4
Q

What are the causes of pneumonia?

A

Infectious agents, inhalation of chemicals, chest wall trauma

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5
Q

What are the categories of pneumonia?

A

Community acquired, hospital acquired, aspiration pneumonia, chronic, necrotising and lung abscess, pneumonia in the immunocompromised host

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A

fever, rigour, SOB, pleuritic chest pain, purulent sputum, cough, increased WBC, chest x-ray changes

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7
Q

Describe community acquired pneumonia

A

V. common in elderly.
Strep. pneumoniae most common organisms.
Haemophilus influenzae.
S. aureus - complicates viral infection and in IV drug use

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8
Q

What is bronchopneumonia?

A

Characterised by pus in alveoli and air passages scattered in one or more lobe in one or both lungs

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9
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?

A

Acute inflammation of the entire lobe or lung

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10
Q

Describe hospital acquired pneumonia (nosocomial pneumonia)

A

any pneumonia acquired within 48-72 hrs post admission.
Usually bacterial - gram negative and s.aureus.
Severe and can be fatal - most common cause of death in ITU

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11
Q

Describe aspiration pneumonia

A

Develops after inhalation of foreign material.
Elderly, strokes, dementia, anaesthetic.
Usually occurs in right middle and right lower lobe

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12
Q

What is obstructive disease?

A

Characterised by partial or complete obstruction at any level from the trachea to respiratory bronchioles

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13
Q

What is restrictive disease?

A

Characterised by reduced expansion with decreased total lung capacity

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14
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Irreversible enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchial - destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis

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15
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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16
Q

What are the different types of emphysema?

A

centriacinar, paracinar, paraseptal, irregular

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17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of emphysema?

A

mild chronic inflammation throughout the airways, positive imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants, role of smoking and genetics

18
Q

What are the symptoms of emphysema?

A

dyspnoea, cough, wheezing, weight loss, expiratory airflow limitation, pink puffers, congestive heart failure, pneumothorax

19
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years without any other identifiable cause

20
Q

What causes chronic bronchitis?

A

Long-standing irritation by inhaled substances, hypertrophy of submucosal glands in trachea and bronchi, increase in goblet cells, mucus hypersectretion and alterations in the small airways (chronic airway obstruction)

21
Q

What is the morphology of emphysema?

A

voluminous lungs, large alveoli, large apical bullae or blebs

22
Q

What is the morphology of chronic bronchitis?

A

Mucus membrane hyperaemia/ swelling/ oedema, excessive mucous secretions, bronchiole narrowing causing mucous plugging/ inflammation. fibrosis, may cause obliteration

23
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

A

persistant cough (sputum), dyspnea on exertion, hypercapnia/hypoxia/mild cyanosis (blue bloaters), can cause cardiac failure

24
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic inflammatory disorders of the airway with recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough, particularly at night and/or in the morning.
Bronchoconstriction and airflow limitation (at least partly reversible)

25
Q

What are the different types of asthma?

A

extrinsic - response to inhaled antigen

intrinsic - cold, exercise, aspirin

26
Q

What are the early phase responses of asthma?

A

bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

27
Q

What are the late phase responses of asthma?

A

inflammation, epithelial damage, more bronchoconstriction

28
Q

What is the morphology of asthma?

A

lung overinflation, thick mucus plugs in bronchi and bronchioles, airway remodelling

29
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

chest tightness, wheezing, cough (sputum), increase in airflow obstruction, difficulty with exhalation

30
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

permanent destruction and dilation of the airways associated with severe infections or obstructions

31
Q

What causes bronchiectasis?

A

CF, kartageners, post infectious (TB, measles, bronchial obstruction)

32
Q

What is the morphology of bronchiectasis?

A

dilated, inflamed airways

33
Q

What are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A

persistent cough, sputum +++

34
Q

What are the symptoms of restrictive lung disease?

A

dyspnea, tachypnea, end-inspiratory crackles, eventual cyanosis without wheezing, reductions in gas diffusion capacity/lung volume/compliance.
May lead to secondary pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure

35
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

blockage of a main or branch pulmonary artery by an embolism

DVT in 95% of cases

36
Q

What is the morphology of PE?

A

central/peripheral emboli, pulmonary haemorrhage, pulmonary infarction

37
Q

What is the clinical course of PE?

A

abrupt onset pleuritic chest pain, SOB, hypoxia, increased pulmonary vascular resistance - right ventricular failure

38
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lungs

39
Q

What is haemodynamic oedema?

A

Increased venous pressure (e.g. left ventricular failure), decreased oncotic pressure (e.g. nephrotic syndrome), liver failure

40
Q

What are the types of pulmonary oedema?

A

Haemodynamic oedema, oedema of undetermined origin, oedema due to alveolar injury

41
Q

What is the morphology of pulmonary oedema?

A

initial fluid accumulation in basal regions (dependant oedema), engorged alveolar capillaries, intra-alveolar granular pink precipitate, alveolar micro haemorrhages, hemosiderin-laden macrophages, heavy/wet lungs

42
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary oedema?

A

SOB, pink frothy sputum, characteristic CXR findings

Pathology (29 decks)

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