Muscoskeletal System Flashcards
What is osteoporosis?
Decrease in bone mass and density. Can lead to balance. Imbalance between bone resorption and bone production.
What causes osteoporosis?
Hormone influences - lack of oestrogen (e.g. post-menopausal) increases bone resorption and decreases new bone formation. Calcium metabolism and fit. D deficiency can also hinder bone formation. Drugs - steroid use
How do you treat osteoporosis?
Alendronic Acid (biphosphate that prevents ostoclast activity)
What is gout?
Raised uric acid produced by the breakdown of the purine bases by the enzyme xanthine oxidase (produced by kidneys). Urate is deposited as crystals in the joints. Repeated attacks lead to chronic arthritis
What are the causes of gout?
drugs (aspirin, diuretics), alcohol, renal disease, hypothyroidism, dehydration
What are the features of gout?
sudden onset excruciating during joint pain, inflammation, tenderness, stiffness. Usually first attack involves big toe.
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of the joint
What are the risk factors of osteoarthritis?
age, female, obesity, pre-existing joint deformity, excessive mechanical stress, genetics, hyper mobility, other diseases
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid factors help form immune complexes in the circulation. This generates inflammation in the synovial and the membranes thicken. Chronic inflammation leads to cartilage and joint destruction
What are the features of osteoarthritis?
Morning stiffness, pain, reduced movement, progressive reduction in mobility, joint effusions (fluid), crepitus
What is pseudogout?
a precipitation of calcium pyrophosphate crystals i connective tissues. Crystals in cartilage can enlarge and rupture caused “crystal shredding” into joint cavity or soft tissues - inflammatory response and synovitis
What are the causes of pseudo gout?
hereditary, associated with osteoarthritis, trauma or surgery, age
What is septic arthritis?
inflammation of a joint caused by bacterial infection, commonly affecting the knee.
What are the symptoms of septic arthritis?
severe pain, swelling, redness, and heat in affected joints - develop quickly. Difficulty moving joint and high temp.
Discuss bone tumours
Mestatic disease from distant cancer is most common type of bone tumour. Primary tumours are relatively rare.
