Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
deficiency of insulin producing cells (type 1), resistance to the effects of insulin (type 2)
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
Deficiency of antidiuretic hormone
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
Autoimmune disease causing the destructing of beta-cells. Probably triggered by a viral infection.
Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes
Polyuria (large volumes of urine)
Polydipsia (abnormally great thirst)
Hunger
Weight Loss
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
Peripheral insulin resistance. Beta-cell response to glucose is delayed or absent. Insulin concentrations are normal or high.
What are the actions of insulin?
Uptake of glucose by cells.
Uptake of amino acids by cells.
Increased synthesis and esterification of fatty acids.
Decreased lipolysis, proteolysis and gluconeogenesis.
What controls insulin release?
Mainly direct feedback (as a result of raised glucose levels).
Some autonomic control
Also released by cholecystokinin (releases digestive enzymes)
What are the acute consequences of insulin deficiency?
Hyperglycaemia
Ketosis
Acidosis
Hyperosmolar state
What are the chronic consequences of insulin deficiency?
CVD
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
Retinopathy
What are the causes of Secondary diabetes?
Chronic pancreatitis, CF, pancreatic surgery, Hemochromatosis, Endocrine disease (cushing’s syndrome), drug therapy (e.g. corticosteroids)
What is Ketoacidosis?
Rapid breakdown of fat and protein releasing ketones and acid into the bloodstream. Can lead to coma and death
What is Hyperosmolar Nonketontic State?
Severe dehydration from type 2 diabetes. Can lead to coma and death
What is hypoglycaemia?
Low blood sugar. Can be caused by insulin overdoses, generally accidental. Can lead to coma and death
What does diabetic foot lead to?
Generalised sepsis
What is diabetic retinopathy?
Proliferation of blood vessels in the retina causing retinal haemorrhages.
Macular oedema - fluid exudation into the retina
