the thorax Flashcards
what are the parts of the rib
- costal groove
- costal cartilage
- tubercle
- inferior articular faucet
- superior articular faucet
- neck, head, body
what are the parts of the vertebre
- vertebral body
- spinous process
- transverse process
- inferior costal faucet
- superior costal faucet
types of joints in the thorax
- intervertebral (vertebrae)
- costovertebral (ribs and vertebrae)
- sternocostal (sternum and costal cartilages)
- sternoclavicular (sternum and clavicle)
- costochondral (ribs and costal cartilage)
- manubriosternal
- xiphisternal
what does the sternal angle locate
the second rib so then you are able to count all the ribs
what are the parts of the pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
- separated by the soft pallet and then the epiglottitis
contents of superior mediastinum
Arch of the aorta, thoracic duct, trachea, oesophagus, thymus, vagus nerve, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, phrenic nerves, brachiocephalic veins
contents of anterior medial stinum
Sternopericardial ligaments, fat, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, internal thoracic vessels
contents of middle mediastinum
Heart, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, arch of azygos veins, main bronchi
contents of posterior mediastinum
Oesophagus, thoracic aorta, azygos and hemi-azygous veins, thoracic duct, vagus nerves, sympathetic trunks,
what are the 2 layers of the pleura and how are they different
the visceral pleura, it covers the lungs and adheres to its surfaces
the parietal pleura lines the pulmonary cavities and adheres to the thoracic wall
what muscles are used in inspiration
external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract
what muscles are used in expiration
internal intercostal muscles and innermost intercostal muscles contract
directions of intercostal muscles
- external: inwards eg hands into a pocket
- innermost and internal: opposite direction, going outwards
what are the divisions of the aorta
- ascending aorta
- arch of aorta
- descending aorta
what are the blood vessels leaving the heart
- aorta (ascending, arch, descending)
- brachiocephalic trunk
- right subclavian artery
- left subclavian artery
- right common carotid artery
- left common carotid artery
what are the blood vessels entering the heart
- superior + inferior vena cava
- right subclavian vein
- right internal jugular
- brachiophalic trunk
what are the layers of the parietal pleura
- costal
- medial
- diaphragmatic
- cervical pleura
what is the pleural cavity
the potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura - containing serous fluid
what is the function of the serous fluid in the pleura
- lubricates the pleural surfaces
- provides surface tension
what are the pleural recesses called
- costodiaphragmatic
- costomediastinal
where is the costodiaphragmatic recess
between the costal pleurae and the diaphragmatic pleura
where is the costomediastinal recess
between the costal pleurae and the mediastinal pleurae behind the sternum
what is the neurovascular supply of the parietal pleura
- innervated by the phrenic and intercostal nerves
- blood supply from intercostal arteries
what is the neurovascular supply of the visceral pleura
- autonomic innervation from pulmonary plexus
- blood supply from bronchial arteries
what are the parts of the sternum
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
atypical rib 1
- shorter and wider
- only one faucet on its head
- superior surface is marked with 2 grooves - making up the subclavian vessels
atypical rib 2
- thinner and longer
- roughened areas on its upper surface - where the serratus anterior muscle originates
atypical rib 10
- only one faucet
atypical rib 11 and 12
- no neck
- only one faucet
external intercostal muscles
- 11 pairs of muscles
- elevates the rib
- increases thoracic volume
innervation of the external intercostal muscles
intercostal nerves (T1-T11)
internal intercostal muscles
- they are continuous with the internal oblique muscle of the abdominal wall
- interosseous part reduced thoracic volume
- interchondral part elevates the ribs
innervation of internal intercostal muscles
the intercostal nerves (T1-T11)
innermost intercostal muscle
- deepest intercostal muscle
- intercostal neurovascular bundle in the intercostal spaces separates the internal intercostals
- interosseous part reduces the thoracic volume (depresses the rib cage)
- interchondral part elevates the ribs
innervation if the innermost intercostal muscles
the intercostal nerves (T1-T11)
where do external intercostal muscles originate from
they originate from the lower border of the rib, inserting into the superior border of the rib below
where do internal intercostal muscles originate from
they originate from the lateral edge of the costal groove, inserts into the superior surface of the rib below
where do innermost intercostal muscles originate from
they originate from the medial edge of the costal groove and inserts into the superior surface of the rib below
what are the transversus thoracis
muscles of the thoracic cage that are continuous with transverses abdominisa inferiorly
where does the transversus thoracis attached and what does it do
- attaches from the posterior surface of the inferior sternum to the internal surface of the costal cartilages 2-6
- it weakly depresses the ribs
what is the innervation of the transversus thoracis
- intercostal nerve (T2-T6)
what are the subcostals
- muscles in the inferior portion of the thoracic wall
- they comprise of thin slips of muscle
- they share the action of the internal intercostals
what is the innervation of the subcostals
intercostal nerves
where do the subcostals originate from
- from the inferior surface of the lower ribs, near the angle of the rib
- they then attach to the superior border of the rib 2 or 3 below
what is the function of the diaphragm
- separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
- undergoes contraction and relaxation altering the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs
what are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm
- lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
- costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
- xiphoid process of the sternum
what are the parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrea
- right crus
- left crus
right crus
- arise from L1-L3
- some fibres from the right crus surround the oesophageal opening
- acts as a physiological sphincter to prevent reflux of the gastric contents of oesophagus
left crus
- arises from L1-L2 and their intervertebral discs
what are the openings in the diaphragm called
- caval hiatus
- oesophageal hiatus
- aortic hiatus
level of caval hiatus and structures
- T8
- inferior vena cava
- terminal branches of right phrenic nerve
level of oesophageal hiatus and structures
-T 10
- oesophagus
- right and left vagus nerves
- oesophageal branches of left gastric artery/ vein
level of aortic hiatus and structures
- T12
- aorta
- thoracic duct
- azygous vein
what happens to the diaphragm in inspiration
contracts and flattens
what happens to the diaphragm in expiration
passively relaxes and returns to its dome shape
- reduces volume of the thoracic cavity
what is the innervation of the diaphragm
- phrenic nerve
- left dome = left phrenic nerve
- right dome = right phrenic nerve
what is the arterial supply of the diaphragm
- inferior phrenic arteries
what is the function of the thymus
- development of the immune response in adolescents
where is the thymus located
in the thoracic superior mediastinum and posterior to the manubrium of the sternum
what is the venous drainage of the thymus
left brachiocephalic and internal thoracic veins
what is the arterial supply of the thymus
internal thoracic arteries
