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10003 - paramedic science > the thorax > Flashcards

the thorax Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the parts of the rib

A
  • costal groove
  • costal cartilage
  • tubercle
  • inferior articular faucet
  • superior articular faucet
  • neck, head, body
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2
Q

what are the parts of the vertebre

A
  • vertebral body
  • spinous process
  • transverse process
  • inferior costal faucet
  • superior costal faucet
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3
Q

types of joints in the thorax

A
  • intervertebral (vertebrae)
  • costovertebral (ribs and vertebrae)
  • sternocostal (sternum and costal cartilages)
  • sternoclavicular (sternum and clavicle)
  • costochondral (ribs and costal cartilage)
  • manubriosternal
  • xiphisternal
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4
Q

what does the sternal angle locate

A

the second rib so then you are able to count all the ribs

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5
Q

what are the parts of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
  • separated by the soft pallet and then the epiglottitis
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6
Q

contents of superior mediastinum

A

Arch of the aorta, thoracic duct, trachea, oesophagus, thymus, vagus nerve, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, phrenic nerves, brachiocephalic veins

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7
Q

contents of anterior medial stinum

A

Sternopericardial ligaments, fat, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, internal thoracic vessels

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8
Q

contents of middle mediastinum

A

Heart, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, arch of azygos veins, main bronchi

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9
Q

contents of posterior mediastinum

A

Oesophagus, thoracic aorta, azygos and hemi-azygous veins, thoracic duct, vagus nerves, sympathetic trunks,

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10
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pleura and how are they different

A

the visceral pleura, it covers the lungs and adheres to its surfaces
the parietal pleura lines the pulmonary cavities and adheres to the thoracic wall

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11
Q

what muscles are used in inspiration

A

external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract

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12
Q

what muscles are used in expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles and innermost intercostal muscles contract

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13
Q

directions of intercostal muscles

A
  • external: inwards eg hands into a pocket
  • innermost and internal: opposite direction, going outwards
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14
Q

what are the divisions of the aorta

A
  • ascending aorta
  • arch of aorta
  • descending aorta
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15
Q

what are the blood vessels leaving the heart

A
  • aorta (ascending, arch, descending)
  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • right subclavian artery
  • left subclavian artery
  • right common carotid artery
  • left common carotid artery
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16
Q

what are the blood vessels entering the heart

A
  • superior + inferior vena cava
  • right subclavian vein
  • right internal jugular
  • brachiophalic trunk
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17
Q

what are the layers of the parietal pleura

A
  • costal
  • medial
  • diaphragmatic
  • cervical pleura
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18
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

the potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura - containing serous fluid

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19
Q

what is the function of the serous fluid in the pleura

A
  • lubricates the pleural surfaces
  • provides surface tension
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20
Q

what are the pleural recesses called

A
  • costodiaphragmatic
  • costomediastinal
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21
Q

where is the costodiaphragmatic recess

A

between the costal pleurae and the diaphragmatic pleura

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22
Q

where is the costomediastinal recess

A

between the costal pleurae and the mediastinal pleurae behind the sternum

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23
Q

what is the neurovascular supply of the parietal pleura

A
  • innervated by the phrenic and intercostal nerves
  • blood supply from intercostal arteries
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24
Q

what is the neurovascular supply of the visceral pleura

A
  • autonomic innervation from pulmonary plexus
  • blood supply from bronchial arteries
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25
Q

what are the parts of the sternum

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
26
Q

atypical rib 1

A
  • shorter and wider
  • only one faucet on its head
  • superior surface is marked with 2 grooves - making up the subclavian vessels
27
Q

atypical rib 2

A
  • thinner and longer
  • roughened areas on its upper surface - where the serratus anterior muscle originates
28
Q

atypical rib 10

A
  • only one faucet
29
Q

atypical rib 11 and 12

A
  • no neck
  • only one faucet
30
Q

external intercostal muscles

A
  • 11 pairs of muscles
  • elevates the rib
  • increases thoracic volume
31
Q

innervation of the external intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nerves (T1-T11)

32
Q

internal intercostal muscles

A
  • they are continuous with the internal oblique muscle of the abdominal wall
  • interosseous part reduced thoracic volume
  • interchondral part elevates the ribs
33
Q

innervation of internal intercostal muscles

A

the intercostal nerves (T1-T11)

34
Q

innermost intercostal muscle

A
  • deepest intercostal muscle
  • intercostal neurovascular bundle in the intercostal spaces separates the internal intercostals
  • interosseous part reduces the thoracic volume (depresses the rib cage)
  • interchondral part elevates the ribs
35
Q

innervation if the innermost intercostal muscles

A

the intercostal nerves (T1-T11)

36
Q

where do external intercostal muscles originate from

A

they originate from the lower border of the rib, inserting into the superior border of the rib below

37
Q

where do internal intercostal muscles originate from

A

they originate from the lateral edge of the costal groove, inserts into the superior surface of the rib below

38
Q

where do innermost intercostal muscles originate from

A

they originate from the medial edge of the costal groove and inserts into the superior surface of the rib below

39
Q

what are the transversus thoracis

A

muscles of the thoracic cage that are continuous with transverses abdominisa inferiorly

40
Q

where does the transversus thoracis attached and what does it do

A
  • attaches from the posterior surface of the inferior sternum to the internal surface of the costal cartilages 2-6
  • it weakly depresses the ribs
41
Q

what is the innervation of the transversus thoracis

A
  • intercostal nerve (T2-T6)
42
Q

what are the subcostals

A
  • muscles in the inferior portion of the thoracic wall
  • they comprise of thin slips of muscle
  • they share the action of the internal intercostals
43
Q

what is the innervation of the subcostals

A

intercostal nerves

44
Q

where do the subcostals originate from

A
  • from the inferior surface of the lower ribs, near the angle of the rib
  • they then attach to the superior border of the rib 2 or 3 below
45
Q

what is the function of the diaphragm

A
  • separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
  • undergoes contraction and relaxation altering the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs
46
Q

what are the peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

A
  • lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
  • costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
  • xiphoid process of the sternum
47
Q

what are the parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrea

A
  • right crus
  • left crus
48
Q

right crus

A
  • arise from L1-L3
  • some fibres from the right crus surround the oesophageal opening
  • acts as a physiological sphincter to prevent reflux of the gastric contents of oesophagus
49
Q

left crus

A
  • arises from L1-L2 and their intervertebral discs
50
Q

what are the openings in the diaphragm called

A
  • caval hiatus
  • oesophageal hiatus
  • aortic hiatus
51
Q

level of caval hiatus and structures

A
  • T8
  • inferior vena cava
  • terminal branches of right phrenic nerve
52
Q

level of oesophageal hiatus and structures

A

-T 10
- oesophagus
- right and left vagus nerves
- oesophageal branches of left gastric artery/ vein

53
Q

level of aortic hiatus and structures

A
  • T12
  • aorta
  • thoracic duct
  • azygous vein
54
Q

what happens to the diaphragm in inspiration

A

contracts and flattens

55
Q

what happens to the diaphragm in expiration

A

passively relaxes and returns to its dome shape
- reduces volume of the thoracic cavity

56
Q

what is the innervation of the diaphragm

A
  • phrenic nerve
  • left dome = left phrenic nerve
  • right dome = right phrenic nerve
57
Q

what is the arterial supply of the diaphragm

A
  • inferior phrenic arteries
58
Q

what is the function of the thymus

A
  • development of the immune response in adolescents
59
Q

where is the thymus located

A

in the thoracic superior mediastinum and posterior to the manubrium of the sternum

60
Q

what is the venous drainage of the thymus

A

left brachiocephalic and internal thoracic veins

61
Q

what is the arterial supply of the thymus

A

internal thoracic arteries

10003 - paramedic science (26 decks)

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