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10003 - paramedic science > haematopoiesis > Flashcards

haematopoiesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is haematopoiesis

A

the formation and development of blood cells

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2
Q

where do cells come from?

A
  • bone marrow
  • either red (developing) or yellow (fat)
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3
Q

secreted signal process

A
  • cell receives external signal
  • initiates signal cascade
  • signal transduction to nucleus results in activation of transcription factors
  • cell starts to produce new cell surface receptors - promoting differentiation
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4
Q

stages of cell development

A
  • haematopoietic stem cells
  • common progenitors
  • committed progenitors
  • mature cells
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5
Q

colony stimulation factors (CSF)

A

determine which major branch a cell will differentiate to

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6
Q

what do growth factors do?

A

influence different stage depending on where there are acting

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7
Q

what functions are affected by CSF

A
  • haematopoietic
  • common progenitors
  • committed progenitors
  • mature cells
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8
Q

how does CSF affect haematopoietic function

A
  • changes frequency of stem cell division
  • changes probability of stem cell death
  • probability that daughter cells will become committed progenitors
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9
Q

how does CSF affect common progenitors

A
  • division cell type of committed progenitors
  • probability of progenitors death
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10
Q

how does CSF affect committed progenitors

A

number of divisions before terminal differentiation

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11
Q

how does CSF affect mature cells

A

lifetime of cell differentiated cells

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12
Q

what do stem cell factors do

A
  • maintain haematopoietic stem cells
  • promote survival and proliferation
  • interleukins determine differentiation
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13
Q

what do interleukins do

A

they determine which branch of the cell will differentiate

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14
Q

megakaryocytes

A

creates platelets
- have multiple nuclei

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15
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • high levels of erythropoietin - high levels means that they are committed and can’t change path
  • condensation of nuclei makes reticulocytes (they don’t need to have a nucleus)
  • no organelles
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16
Q

regulation of thrombopoiesis

A
  • production of platelets is regulated by their own level on the blood stream
  • platelets bind to thrombopoietin (self-regulating on how many platelets are produces)
  • quick responsive negative feedback
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17
Q

where is thrombopoietin produced

A

produced by the liver and kindey

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18
Q

what does thrombopoietin do

A

signals the bone marrow to increase platelet production

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19
Q

development of erythrocytes

A
  1. stem cells
  2. proerythroblast
  3. basophilic erythroblast
  4. polychromatic erythroblast
  5. orthochromatic erythroblast
  6. reticulocyte
  7. erythrocytes
20
Q

proerythroblast

A
  • large
  • small cytoplasm
  • lots of RNA and ribosomes
  • no haemoglobin
21
Q

basophilic erythroblast

A
  • some condensation and clumping of chromatin
  • cells start to shrink
22
Q

polychromatic erythroblast

A
  • increasing cytoplasmic haemoglobin
  • nucellar chromatin
  • even more condensation
  • no more division
23
Q

orthochromatic erythroblast

A
  • rich in haemoglobin
  • some ribosomes
  • degenerating cytoplasmic organells
24
Q

reticulocytes

A
  • nucleus expelled
  • mitochondria ribosomes and Golgi to make haemoglobin
25
Q

what is a sign of anaemia

A
  • there are many reticulocytes in the blood as there is an overworking of the bone marrow
26
Q

how are red blood cells removed

A
  • removed by macrophages
  • recycle the haemoglobin
  • bilirubin - excreted to the liver
  • iron and amino acids are recycled back into blood stream
27
Q

how is erythropoiesis regulated

A
  • regulated in the kidneys
  • have decreased O2 sensers
  • produces erythropoietin by endothelial cells
  • EPO enters the blood stream
  • increase results in erythrocytes being released into the blood
  • causes an increase in O2 in the blood
28
Q

what is anaemia caused by

A
  • Increased destruction of RBCS
  • Loss of blood
  • Decreased production of RBC
  • Defects in haemoglobin
29
Q

what are the effects of anaemia

A
  • fatigue
  • breathlessness
  • pale
  • palpitations
30
Q

microcytic meaning

A
  • too small rbcs
  • can’t hold enough haemoglobin
31
Q

normocytic

A
  • not making enough or being destroyed but look normal
32
Q

macrocytic

A

to big rbcs

33
Q

what is sickle cell

A

misshape of red blood cells

34
Q

what is thalassemia

A

mutation decreasing haemoglobin synthesis

35
Q

what is aplastic anaemia

A

destruction of haematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

36
Q

what are the types of white blood cells

A
  • basophil
  • eosinophil
  • neutrophil (granular)
  • monocytes (curved nucleus)
37
Q

what is leukaemia

A
  • there is an imbalance of blood cell type in bone marrow
  • can affect myeloid and lymphoid cells
  • either acute (high proliferation of immature cells) or chronic (less proliferation in mature cells which don’t function properly)
38
Q

what are the signs of leukaemia

A
  • Anaemia
  • Infection
  • Bleeding
39
Q

what are the causes of leukaemia

A
  • Exposure to radiation
  • Chemicals
  • Smoking
  • Genetic causes
  • Past chemotherapy
  • Blood disorders
  • Auto immune conditions
  • Viruses
  • Chromosome translocation - results in tyrosine kinase which is always on - causes cell proliferation
40
Q

what is the treatment for leukaemia

A
  • Chemotherapy:
    • Induction (killing as many cells as possible)
    • Consolidation (kill remaining cells)
      Maintenance (regular dose of chemo to prevent relapse
41
Q

haematocrit

A

proportion of blood made up of red blood cells

42
Q

mean corpuscular volume

A

average size of your red blood cells

43
Q

mean corpuscular haemoglobin

A

average amount of haemoglobin per red blood cell

44
Q

mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration

A

average concentration of haemoglobin per unit of RBCs

45
Q

red cell distribution width

A

calculation of the variation in size of RBCs

10003 - paramedic science (26 decks)

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