respiratory Flashcards
what are the parts of the upper respiratory tract
- nasal cavity
- nostril
- oral cavity
- larynx
what are the parts of the lower respiratory tract
- trachea
- bronchus
- lungs
what are the parts of the pleural cavity
- parietal pleura
- visceral pleura
- pleural recess
what are the different parts of the parietal pleura
- costal - attached to the ribs
- diaphragmatic - attached to the diaphragm
- mediastinal - everything covering the mediastinum
what is the pleuralrecesses
- gap where the lungs don’t fill unless in deep inspiration - where fluid might fill
- costomediastinal
- costodiaphgramatic
what is pleural effusion
excess of pleural fluid in the costodiagphramatic recess
what is hydrothorax
too much serious fluid - lead to heart failure, liver cirrhosis
what is haemothorax
build-up of blood - caused in trauma, alongside pneumothorax
what is chylothorax
too much lymphatics - lymph leak through damage to thoracic duct
what is pneumothorax
- air entering the pleural cavity can either be open or closed
- open - air enters the cavity from the outside world
- closed - air enters from damaged lung
what are the fissures in the lungs
- oblique fissures - symmetrical on each side, starts at T2 ends at 6th costal cartilage
- horizontal fissure - right lung ONLY, rib 4 to 5th/6th intercostal space
what enters the hilum
- Pulmonary ligament - where parietal and visceral pleura are continuous
- Primary bronchus
- Pulmonary artery - high up in hilum, blood entering the lung, deoxygenated
- Pulmonary vein - most inferior structure in the hilum, leaves lungs, oxygenated
- Lymphatic vessels
- Autonomic nerves - controls the smooth muscle in the lungs
- Bronchial arteries
- Bronchial veins
what is a pulmonary embolism
clot in the lung from deep vein thrombosis
what are the 10 steps from trachea to alveoli
- Respiratory tree begins with trachea
- Bifurcates into L and R primary bronchi
- Primary divide into secondary bronchi (one into each lobe of the lung)
- Secondary branch into tertiary bronchi
- Tertiary branch into the bronchioles
- Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts
- Alveolar ducts open into alveolar sacs
10Alveolar sacs pouch into alveoli
what happens in the conducting zone
- conditions the air
- warms
- humidifies
- filters
what happens in the respiratory zone
- allows exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood
trachea
- c shaped cartilage
- bifurcates at sternal angle (T4/5)
what are the different types of bronchi
- Primary bronchi - 1 per lung
- Secondary bronchi - 1 per lobe
- Tertiary bronchi - 1 per bronchopulmonary segment
- Things are more likely to be directed into the right lung as it is shorter, wider and more vertical
what are the 4 layers of the tracheal wall
- mucosa
- submucosa
- cartilaginous layer
- adventitia
what is the mucosa layer
- cilia and goblet cells
- pseudostratified
- supported by lamina propria
what is the submucosa
- connective tissue
- seromucous glands
what is the cartilaginous layer
- c shaped cartilage in smooth muscle and fibroelastic tissue
- trachealis muscle posteriorly - squeeze trachea to force air out
what is the cell structure found at the bronchi
- Respiratory epithelium decreases in height and pseudostratification
- Lamina propria becomes more elastic and becomes separated from submucosa by a layer of smooth muscle
- Goblet cells and serosmucosions gland numbers decreased
- Cartilage decreases
what is the cell structure found in the bronchioles
- Airways <1mm diameter
- No cartilage or submucosal glands
- Walls composed mostly of smooth muscle
- Epithelium = ciliated columnar - few goblet cells
- Terminal and respiratory bronchioles, non-ciliated club cells replace much of the ciliated epithelium - assist in surfactant production