respiratory Flashcards
what are the parts of the upper respiratory tract
- nasal cavity
- nostril
- oral cavity
- larynx
what are the parts of the lower respiratory tract
- trachea
- bronchus
- lungs
what are the parts of the pleural cavity
- parietal pleura
- visceral pleura
- pleural recess
what are the different parts of the parietal pleura
- costal - attached to the ribs
- diaphragmatic - attached to the diaphragm
- mediastinal - everything covering the mediastinum
what is the pleuralrecesses
- gap where the lungs don’t fill unless in deep inspiration - where fluid might fill
- costomediastinal
- costodiaphgramatic
what is pleural effusion
excess of pleural fluid in the costodiagphramatic recess
what is hydrothorax
too much serious fluid - lead to heart failure, liver cirrhosis
what is haemothorax
build-up of blood - caused in trauma, alongside pneumothorax
what is chylothorax
too much lymphatics - lymph leak through damage to thoracic duct
what is pneumothorax
- air entering the pleural cavity can either be open or closed
- open - air enters the cavity from the outside world
- closed - air enters from damaged lung
what are the fissures in the lungs
- oblique fissures - symmetrical on each side, starts at T2 ends at 6th costal cartilage
- horizontal fissure - right lung ONLY, rib 4 to 5th/6th intercostal space
what enters the hilum
- Pulmonary ligament - where parietal and visceral pleura are continuous
- Primary bronchus
- Pulmonary artery - high up in hilum, blood entering the lung, deoxygenated
- Pulmonary vein - most inferior structure in the hilum, leaves lungs, oxygenated
- Lymphatic vessels
- Autonomic nerves - controls the smooth muscle in the lungs
- Bronchial arteries
- Bronchial veins
what is a pulmonary embolism
clot in the lung from deep vein thrombosis
what are the 10 steps from trachea to alveoli
- Respiratory tree begins with trachea
- Bifurcates into L and R primary bronchi
- Primary divide into secondary bronchi (one into each lobe of the lung)
- Secondary branch into tertiary bronchi
- Tertiary branch into the bronchioles
- Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles branch into alveolar ducts
- Alveolar ducts open into alveolar sacs
10Alveolar sacs pouch into alveoli
what happens in the conducting zone
- conditions the air
- warms
- humidifies
- filters
what happens in the respiratory zone
- allows exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood
trachea
- c shaped cartilage
- bifurcates at sternal angle (T4/5)
what are the different types of bronchi
- Primary bronchi - 1 per lung
- Secondary bronchi - 1 per lobe
- Tertiary bronchi - 1 per bronchopulmonary segment
- Things are more likely to be directed into the right lung as it is shorter, wider and more vertical
what are the 4 layers of the tracheal wall
- mucosa
- submucosa
- cartilaginous layer
- adventitia
what is the mucosa layer
- cilia and goblet cells
- pseudostratified
- supported by lamina propria
what is the submucosa
- connective tissue
- seromucous glands
what is the cartilaginous layer
- c shaped cartilage in smooth muscle and fibroelastic tissue
- trachealis muscle posteriorly - squeeze trachea to force air out
what is the cell structure found at the bronchi
- Respiratory epithelium decreases in height and pseudostratification
- Lamina propria becomes more elastic and becomes separated from submucosa by a layer of smooth muscle
- Goblet cells and serosmucosions gland numbers decreased
- Cartilage decreases
what is the cell structure found in the bronchioles
- Airways <1mm diameter
- No cartilage or submucosal glands
- Walls composed mostly of smooth muscle
- Epithelium = ciliated columnar - few goblet cells
- Terminal and respiratory bronchioles, non-ciliated club cells replace much of the ciliated epithelium - assist in surfactant production
what are the cell types in the alveolar wall
- type I pneumocytes - thin for diffusion
- type II pneumocytes - surfactant production
what are the parts of the pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
what is present in the larynx
- epiglottis stops food from entering larynx
- arytenoid cartilage - allows you to speak
nasal cavity and nasal septum
- front is cartilage, back is bone
- nasal conchae: superior, middle, inferior
- sinuses - fill up with mucus and drain into the nasal cavity
- pharyngotympanic tubes
- nasolacrimal duct
- nasal meatus: superior, middle, inferior
tonsillar ring
- pharyngeal tonsil
- tubular tonsil (nasal)
- palatine tonsil
- lingual tonsil (oral)
what is the structure of the pharynx
- muscular tube with no anterior
- posterior - pharyngeal constrictor muscles
- piriform recess - next to larynx where food and small bones get stuck can damage superior laryngeal nerve
what are the different types of laryngeal muscle
- extrinsic - suprahyoid and infrahyoid
- intrinsic - open and close vocal cords
- posterior cricoarytenoid
recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Ascending branches of vagus nerve: Left loops around aortic arch, Right loops around subclavian artery
- Innervate intrinsic laryngeal muscles
what happens to your voice with unilateral damage
hoarse voice
what happens to your voice with bilateral damage
no voice and closed airway
thyroid gland
- Important relation of larynx and trachea
- R and L lobes joined by isthmus - crosses tracheal rings 2&3
- Endocrine gland so rich in blood supply
- Superior thyroid artery - branch of external carotid
- Inferior thyroid artery - branch of thyrocervical trunk (branch of subclavian)
- Thyroid ima artery - variable branch in approx 5%
- Potentially fatal
- Superior and middle thyroid veins drain into internal jugular
- Inferior thyroid vein drain into left brachiocephalic
what are the parts of the lung
- superior lobe
- middle lobe (right only)
- inferior lobe
- horizontal fissures
- oblique fissures
- visceral pleura
- parietal pleura
- apex
- costodiaghramatic recess
- base
- hilum
what is the thoracic inlet
at the apex of the lung where the root of the neck connects to the thorax
what vertebral level is the bifurcation of the trachea
around T4 and T5
how does the distribution of cartilage change through the respiratory tree
reduction of cartilage until the bronchioles which have no cartilage
where are the two layers of the pleura continuous
at the hilum
what is the contents of the hila
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary vein
- bronchus
- pulmonary ligamnet
parts of the laryngeal cartilage
- hyoid bone
- epiglottic cartilage
- thyroid membrane
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- cricoid ligament
parts of the laryngeal inlet
- epiglottis
- vestibular folds
- vocal fold
- interarytenoid fold
- corniculate and cuneiform tubercle
what innervates the muscles that controls the vocal cords
- recurrent laryngeal nerve
